Acute Pain Management

Abstract

We encounter patients with acute pain many times each day, and few aspects of veterinary practice offer such an opportunity to help so many in such a profoundly rewarding way. As emphasized here and elsewhere, we now have excellent tools with which to help these animals, and the biggest impediment to optimal treatment of their pain is often our own difficulty in recognizing its presence. Perhaps the single most important aspect of treating acute pain is to cultivate an ability to see past our personal biases and expectations which may limit treatment and to rediscover the common sense we had about pain before we entered the profession. By rededicating ourselves to seeking out, preventing, and relieving pain, we not only perform a vital service for our patients but also elevate our profession even as we reap financial and spiritual rewards for our efforts. What could be better?

Nasıl Daha İyi Anestezi Kombinasyonları Yapılabilir? Güncel Bilgilerin İncelenmesi

“…Elevated carbon dioxide levels lead to respiratory acidosis. Acidosis causes arrhythmia and may even result in cardiac arrest [7,11,12] . When in pain, animals avoid movement, and long-term immobility increases the risk of embolism [5] .…”

“…While the anaesthesia continues and the monitored parameters remain stable, a sudden increase observed in the cardiac rhythm and blood pressure (approximately 30%) with the onset of the painful phase of the surgical operation (movement of the fracture ends during osteosynthesis, the distention of the peritoneum during laparotomy or surgical intervention performed near nerves etc.) shows the inadequacy of the analgesia procedure that has been followed as part of the anaesthesia protocol [11,15,21] . A medical malpractice performed in such cases is to administer a higher anaesthetic dose to the operated animal during increased heart rate caused by the perception of pain.…”

“…Some of the adverse effects associated with the use of these drugs are bradycardia, respiratory depression, hypotension, agitation and emesis. Although opioids are generally feared to have serious side effects, in contrast to human beings, cats and dogs seem to be remarkably resistant to these side effects, and serious side effects are surprisingly rare when these agents are used with care [8,11,27] . For example, opioid induced-bradycardia is generally not lifethreatening and usually does not require treatment.…”

“…Although clinically significant respiratory depression from opioids is uncommon, it can occur when opioids are combined with other drugs that have respiratory depressant effects. Bradycardia and hypotension are mostly observed when How Can Better Anaesthetic ... opioids are administered intravenously [11,13,19] . The greatest advantage of opioids is the ability to titrate their dose to effect; and if an overdose or side effects occur, naloxone, which is an opioid antagonist, can also be titrated to remove these adverse effects as the analgesic effect continues [5,28] .…”

“…If the clinician is not familiar with the use of opioids, and fears about side effects, a safeway of use is to administer effective low doses of opioids to healthy and young animals for the desired effect (e.g. sedation, relaxation, termination of pain, and maintenance of tranquilization during manipulation) [11] . If the desired effects do not occur within 3 minutes after intravenous administration then the dose is repeated until the desired effect is achieved.…”