Acute otitis media and respiratory viruses

Bulut, Yunus Emre; Güven, Mehmet; Otlu, Barış; Yenişehirli, Gülgün; Aladağ, İbrahim; Eyibilen, Ahmet; Doğru, Salim

doi:10.1007/s00431-006-0233-x

Cited by 64 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…However, the highest RSV viral load occurred in winter months. Some studies have identified RSV as the most common virus in middle ear fluid samples (8,19), and RSV is frequently detected as a middle ear pathogen in the absence of AOM bacterial pathogens (22). Our finding that high RSV load in the presence of S. pneumoniae is associated with increased risk of AOM suggests that RSV detection methods that quantify viral load will help identify subjects at the highest risk of AOM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Viral-Bacterial Interactions and Risk of Acute Otitis Media Complicating Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

et al. 2011

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Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common complication of upper respiratory tract infection whose pathogenesis involves both viruses and bacteria. We examined risks of acute otitis media associated with specific combinations of respiratory viruses and acute otitis media bacterial pathogens. Data were from a prospective study of children ages 6 to 36 months and included viral and bacterial culture and quantitative PCR for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human bocavirus, and human metapneumovirus. Repeated-measure logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between specific viruses, bacteria, and the risk of acute otitis media complicating upper respiratory tract infection. In unadjusted analyses of data from 194 children, adenovirus, bocavirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis were significantly associated with AOM (P < 0.05 by 2 test

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Viral-Bacterial Interactions and Risk of Acute Otitis Media Complicating Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

et al. 2011

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“…In contrast, influenza A virus increased permeability of polarized airway epithelial cells by inducing cytotoxic effects, whereas RSV had no effect on either R T or ZO-1 distribution. These studies provide insight into a new mechanism by which RV may predispose the host to secondary bacterial infection, as occurs in otitis media (1,12) and exacerbations of COPD (4)(5)(6)(7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…RVs are single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for the majority of upper respiratory tract infections and their complications, including otitis media, sinusitis, and bronchitis. By a sensitive detection method (polymerase chain reaction), RV was detected in 25.6% of viral-induced acute otitis media (1), and up to one-half of all viral-associated COPD and CF exacerbations (4)(5)(6)(7)9). In each of these conditions, coinfection of RV and bacteria are thought to play an important pathogenetic role.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In each of these conditions, coinfection of RV and bacteria are thought to play an important pathogenetic role. Acute otitis media in children has been attributed to coinfections with RV or RSV and bacteria, and RV infection positively correlated with the presence of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis (1,22). In COPD patients, exacerbations associated with both RV and nontypeable H. influenzae had greater bacterial loads, serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels, symptom counts and falls in FEV 1 than exacerbations without both pathogens (7).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Rhinovirus Disrupts the Barrier Function of Polarized Airway Epithelial Cells

Sajjan¹,

Wang²,

Zhao³

et al. 2008

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

303

312

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Rationale : Secondary bacterial infection following rhinovirus (RV) infection has been recognized in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Objectives: We sought to understand mechanisms by which RV infection facilitates secondary bacterial infection. Methods : Primary human airway epithelial cells grown at air-liquid interface and human bronchial epithelial (16HBE14o-) cells grown as polarized monolayers were infected apically with RV. Transmigration of bacteria (nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and others) was assessed by colony counting and transmission electron microscopy. Transepithelial resistance (R T ) was measured by using a voltmeter. The distribution of zona occludins (ZO)-1 was determined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Measurements and Main Results : Epithelial cells infected with RV showed 2-log more bound bacteria than sham-infected cultures, and bacteria were recovered from the basolateral media of RV-but not sham-infected cells. Infection of polarized airway epithelial cell cultures with RV for 24 hours caused a significant decrease in R T without causing cell death or apoptosis. Ultraviolet-treated RV did not decrease R T , suggesting a requirement for viral replication. Reduced R T was associated with increased paracellular permeability, as determined by flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin. Neutralizing antibodies to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, IFN-g and IL-1b reversed corresponding cytokine-induced reductions in R T but not that induced by RV, indicating that the RV effect is independent of these proinflammatory cytokines. Confocal microscopy and immunoblotting revealed the loss of ZO-1 from tight junction complexes in RV-infected cells. Intranasal inoculation of mice with RV1B also caused the loss of ZO-1 from the bronchial epithelium tight junctions in vivo. Conclusions: RV facilitates binding, translocation, and persistence of bacteria by disrupting airway epithelial barrier function.

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“…We reviewed 71 fulltext articles, of which 12 were included (Supplemental Fig 3). 12,18,21,30,[35][36][37][38]41,[43][44] …”

Section: Aommentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Prescribing Trends for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections

Kronman¹,

2014

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Many pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) are viral and do not require antimicrobial treatment. Recent estimates of antimicrobial overprescribing for these infections, defined based on the published bacterial disease prevalence among all ARTI, are not available. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Based on the published bacterial prevalence rates for pediatric ARTI, antimicrobial agents are prescribed almost twice as often as expected to outpatients nationally, amounting to an estimated 11.4 million potentially preventable antimicrobial prescriptions annually. abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobials are frequently prescribed for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI), although many are viral. We aimed to determine bacterial prevalence rates for 5 common childhood ARTI -acute otitis media (AOM), sinusitis, bronchitis, upper respiratory tract infection, and pharyngitis-and to compare these rates to nationally representative antimicrobial prescription rates for these ARTI. METHODS:We performed (1) a meta-analysis of English language pediatric studies published between 2000 and 2011 in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane library to determine ARTI bacterial prevalence rates; and (2) a retrospective cohort analysis of children age ,18 years evaluated in ambulatory clinics sampled by the 2000-2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) to determine estimated US ARTI antimicrobial prescribing rates. RESULTS:From the meta-analysis, the AOM bacterial prevalence was 64.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.5%-77.7%); Streptococcus pyogenes prevalence during pharyngitis was 20.2% (95% CI, 15.9%-25.2%). No URI or bronchitis studies met inclusion criteria, and 1 sinusitis study met inclusion criteria, identifying bacteria in 78% of subjects. Based on these condition-specific bacterial prevalence rates, the expected antimicrobial rescribing rate for ARTI overall was 27.4% (95% CI, 26.5%-28.3%). However, antimicrobial agents were prescribed in NAMCS during 56.9% (95% CI, 50.8%-63.1%) of ARTI encounters, representing an estimated 11.4 million potentially preventable antimicrobial prescriptions annually.

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Acute otitis media and respiratory viruses

Cited by 64 publications

References 19 publications

Viral-Bacterial Interactions and Risk of Acute Otitis Media Complicating Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Viral-Bacterial Interactions and Risk of Acute Otitis Media Complicating Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Rhinovirus Disrupts the Barrier Function of Polarized Airway Epithelial Cells

Bacterial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Prescribing Trends for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections

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