Acute oral toxicity of pesticide combination (acephate 50% and imidacloprid 1.8% as active ingredients) in Sprague-Dawley rats

Abstract

Aim:The aim of this study was to assess the acute toxic interaction and lethal dose (LD50) of pesticide combination product (acephate 50% and imidacloprid 1.8% as active ingredients) available in the market in Sprague-Dawley female rats by oral route.Materials and Methods:A total of 10 Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into two groups, comprising five rats in each dose group. Both groups were identified as control and test groups, respectively. Control group received sterile water as vehicle and test group received pesticide combination (acephate 50% and imidacloprid 1.8% as active ingredients) at a dose of 0 and 2000 mg/kg body weight. As per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Guideline 420, initially one animal each from both the control and test groups were dosed with 0 and 2000 mg/kg, respectively, as sighting study. Based on the results of sighting study, additionally, four animals each from both groups were dosed with the same dose to make a total of five animals in each group. Dose volume was constant as 10 mL/kg. All animals were observed daily twice for clinical signs and mortality. Body weight was recorded on day 0 and weekly thereafter during 14 days’ observation period; last body weight (fasted) was recorded on day 15. All the rats of both the groups were humanely sacrificed on day 15 for gross pathology, collection of organs for histopathology, organ weighing, and morphometry. Organ weights were taken as absolute values, and relative organ weights to last fasted body weights were calculated.Results:Pesticide combination (acephate 50% and imidacloprid 1.8% as active ingredients) treated rats showed cholinergic signs with one mortality in the test group. No significant difference was observed in body weight, relative organ weights, and organ morphometry between pesticide combination exposed and non-exposed groups. Gross pathology of the treated rats was also comparable with respect to control group. Histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, heart, lung, adrenaline, spleen, and ovaries of test group rats were found to be comparable with control group rats.Conclusion:The present study demonstrated the LD50 of one of the combination products available in the market having acephate 50% and imidacloprid 1.8% as active ingredients in Sprague-Dawley female rats which is >2000 mg/kg body weight. Furthermore, gross, histopathology and histoarchitectural alterations of all the vital organs of the test group were comparable to the control.

Relationship between Prenatal or Postnatal Exposure to Pesticides and Obesity: A Systematic Review

“…In this regard, the pyrethroid lambda cyhalothrin is associated with reproductive toxicity and degenerative damage in testes, liver, kidneys, and spleen [ 96 ] and it can cause oxidative damage to the kidney and brain of rodents [ 97 , 98 ]. Similarly, although imidacloprid promoted adipogenesis and insulin resistance [ 27 ], it was not directly associated with obesity [ 99 , 100 ].…”

Pesticide Residues on Tomatoes Grown and Consumed in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya

“…In this study, the residue levels of acephate, carbendazim, malathion and thiamethoxam were above the EU and Codex MRLs. Acephate is converted to a more toxic compound methamidophos which damages the liver, kidneys and the heart [25]. Carbendazim frequently detected on tomatoes from production to consumption points and at very high levels of greenhouse tomatoes is known to cause genetic and fertility defects, and cancer [25,26].…”

“…Acephate is converted to a more toxic compound methamidophos which damages the liver, kidneys and the heart [25]. Carbendazim frequently detected on tomatoes from production to consumption points and at very high levels of greenhouse tomatoes is known to cause genetic and fertility defects, and cancer [25,26]. Carbendazim has been frequently detected in a wide range of vegetables in countries such as Romania (1.241mg/kg) and Saudi Arabia (0.158mg/kg) [27;28].…”

Screening of preservatives and evaluation of sterilized cellulose nanofibers for toxicity studies

“…Endotoxin was detected in the obtained CNF samples. Based on the measured endotoxin concentrations, the endotoxin exposure levels in the case of inhalation or ingestion of 2.0 mg/mL CNF dispersions administered intratracheally 21,22 or orally 23,24 in toxicity studies (1.0‐1.5 mL/kg and 10 mL/kg, respectively) were 2623‐3934 and 26 232 EU/kg, respectively. According to a prior study, 25 endotoxin concentration of 1 µg/kg or higher originally derived from E. coli is required for inflammation in the lungs following intratracheal administration in mice, and this amount corresponds to endotoxin concentrations in the EU/kg range of hundreds of thousands 26 .…”