Acute Non-A–E Hepatitis in the United States and the Role of Hepatitis G Virus Infection

Alter, Miriam J.; Gallagher, Margaret; Morris, Timothy T.; Moyer, Linda A.; Meeks, Emory L.; Krawczynski, Krzysztof; Kim, Jungsuh P.; Margolis, Harold S.

doi:10.1056/nejm199703133361101

Cited by 404 publications

(282 citation statements)

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“…They did not appear to be related to HGV infection because the frequency of HGV-RNA detection was similar among the non-ABC hepatitis cases, the hepatitis C cases, and the non-hepatitis controls, as has been previously reported. 25,26 This suggests that these non-ABC cases were either misdiagnosed as viral hepatitis, that the levels of anti-HCV were too low to detect during the initial illness, or that yet another transfusion-transmitted virus exists, a prospect clearly warranting further study. It is noteworthy that 10% of the non-ABC cases progressed to chronic hepatitis, with cirrhosis shown in 1 of the 4 that were biopsied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term mortality and morbidity of transfusion-associated non-A, non-B, and type C hepatitis: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute collaborative study

Seeff¹

2001

Hepatology

311

233

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Persons with non-A, non-B hepatitis (cases) identified in 5 transfusion studies in the early 1970s have been followed ever since and compared for outcome with matched, transfused, non-hepatitis controls from the same studies. Previously, we reported no difference in all-cause mortality but slightly increased liver-related mortality between these cohorts after 18 years follow-up. We now present mortality and morbidity data after approximately 25 years of followup, restricted to the 3 studies with archived original sera. All-cause mortality was 67% among 222 hepatitis C-related cases and 65% among 377 controls (P ‫؍‬ NS). Liver-related mortality was 4.1% and 1.3%, respectively (P ‫؍‬ . Acute non-A, non-B hepatitis, attributable predominantly to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, is usually a mild and asymptomatic illness. 1 Nevertheless, more than 80% of such persons develop persistent infection and most have biochemical evidence of chronic hepatitis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term mortality and morbidity of transfusion-associated non-A, non-B, and type C hepatitis: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute collaborative study

Seeff¹

2001

Hepatology

311

233

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“…The discovery in 1998 of the possible benefit to survival and slowing of progression to AIDS among HIV infected patients who are co-infected with GBV-C [Heringlake et al, 1998] provided renewed interest in the seemingly harmless GB virus C [Alter et al, 1997;Alter, 2004]. Numerous studies reported a protective effect of GBV-C and HIV co-infection, though a few studies have observed no effect [Tillmann and Manns, 2001;Stapleton et al, 2004].…”

Section: Biological Relevance Of Gbv-c Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A previously unrecognized sixth genotype of GB virus C revealed by analysis of 5′‐untranslated region sequences

Muerhoff

Dawson

Desai

2005

Journal of Medical Virology

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GB virus C (GBV‐C) is a positive‐strand RNA virus that infects a large proportion of the world's human population. It has been classified tentatively as a member of the Flaviviridae family and has been shown to exist as a group of five closely related genotypes. Recently, we reported the first full‐length genome sequence of a genotype 5 isolate from South Africa [Muerhoff et al. (2005): J Gen Virol 86: 1729–1735]. As part of the analysis of that sequence, a phylogenetic tree was elucidated from the 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) that showed excellent congruence to the tree produced by analysis of complete open reading frame sequences. When 5′‐UTR analysis was broadened subsequently to include additional isolates from around the globe, a heretofore unrecognized GBV‐C genotype was discovered in Indonesia. When first reported in 2000 [Handajani et al. (2000): J Clin Microbiol 38:662–668], these isolates were described as constituting a novel fifth genotype. However, comparison to isolates from the then‐known fourth and fifth genotypes (from Myanmar/Vietnam and South Africa, respectively) was not performed. A dataset of 121 GBV‐C 5′‐UTR sequences was complied and included representatives of the fourth and fifth genotypes as well as the “novel” Indonesian sequences and demonstrated, with strong support via bootstrap analysis, the existence of a sixth GBV‐C genotype among infected individuals in Indonesia. The discovery of this sixth genotype emphasizes the diverse nature of GBV‐C isolates and may have important implications for the interpretation of studies involving GBV‐C/HIV co‐infected individuals. J. Med. Virol. 78:105–111, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, inc.

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“…Among subjects with HGV exposure (HGV RNA plus anti-E2 positive), a whether HGV is associated with liver disease. 5 To assess the association of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with HGV greater proportion of cases (40%) than controls (14%) had transfusion history. The possible role of HGV in HCC etiology infection, we carried out a hospital-based case-control study in the province of Brescia, an area in northern Italy with one seems modest because the population-attributable risk is lower (4%) than those for HBsAg (22%), HCV RNA (36%), of the highest incidence rates of HCC in Europe.…”

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confidence: 99%

A case-control study on GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma.

et al. 1997

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A new hepatitis-associated RNA virus of the Flaviviridae products, intravenous drug use, hemodialysis, and maybe sexual contacts and from mothers to infants. 4-11 HGV RNA family has been identified and named GB virus C/ hepatitis G virus (HGV). We carried out a case-control study to evaluate has been found in patients with acute or chronic hepatic diseases and in subjects without liver diseases by use of RTthe association of HGV infection with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We recruited 170 patients hospitalized for HCC PCR. 1,2 A test was developed recently to detect the presence of antibodies against HGV envelope 2 protein in human sera, (143 male and 27 female, mean age 64 years) and 306 patients hospitalized for nonliver diseases (controls) in Brescia, Italy. the HGV E2 antigen (anti-E2). 12-14 Anti-E2 has been associated with loss of detectable HGV viremia, and therefore it is HGV RNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and antibodies against HGV E2 pro-considered a marker for recovery from infection. Data on its seroprevalence suggest that the number of people infected tein (anti-E2) by an immunoassay test. HGV RNA was found in 8 cases (4.7%) and 4 controls (1.3%). The relative risk by the virus is higher than was estimated on the basis of HGV RNA seroprevalence. (RR) for HGV RNA positivity adjusted for demographic variables and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis CIn spite of the large number of studies carried out on HGV so far, it is still unknown whether the virus can determine virus (HCV) RNA, and alcohol was 7.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.7-30.6; P Å .009). No HGV RNA-positive subject was liver disease in humans. 15 In fact, most information on HGV prevalence comes from case series, in which selection bias also positive for anti-E2. Anti-E2 prevalence did not differ significantly between cases (20%) and controls (15.3%), and cannot be excluded, thus making comparisons difficult. The case-control study design has been suggested to investigate no RR increase was found by this marker. Among subjects with HGV exposure (HGV RNA plus anti-E2 positive), a whether HGV is associated with liver disease. 5 To assess the association of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with HGV greater proportion of cases (40%) than controls (14%) had transfusion history. The possible role of HGV in HCC etiology infection, we carried out a hospital-based case-control study in the province of Brescia, an area in northern Italy with one seems modest because the population-attributable risk is lower (4%) than those for HBsAg (22%), HCV RNA (36%), of the highest incidence rates of HCC in Europe. 16 and heavy alcohol intake (52%). This study supports the hy- PATIENTS AND METHODS pothesis of an association between HGV infection and HCC,This study is part of a large case-control study carried out to although at present there are insufficient data on the causality A new hepatitis-associated RNA virus of the Flaviviridae (HCV) and its genotypes, and alcohol drinking have been reported family...

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Acute Non-A–E Hepatitis in the United States and the Role of Hepatitis G Virus Infection

Abstract: The evidence from this surveillance study does not implicate HGV as an etiologic agent of non-A-E hepatitis. Persistent infection with HGV was common, but it did not lead to chronic disease and did not affect the clinical course in patients with hepatitis A, B, or C.

Cited by 404 publications

References 23 publications

Long-term mortality and morbidity of transfusion-associated non-A, non-B, and type C hepatitis: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute collaborative study

Long-term mortality and morbidity of transfusion-associated non-A, non-B, and type C hepatitis: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute collaborative study

A previously unrecognized sixth genotype of GB virus C revealed by analysis of 5′‐untranslated region sequences

A case-control study on GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma.

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