Acute myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation: an expanded view

Abstract

This study, part of a narrative review, explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of Acute Myocardial Infarction without ST-Segment Elevation (NSTEMI), a critical condition within the spectrum of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs are the leading causes of global mortality, with NSTEMI significantly contributing to morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of NSTEMI involves the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and subsequent thrombogenesis, leading to myocardial necrosis. Modifiable risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus and smoking, are crucial in prevention and management. Diagnosis relies on electrocardiography and biomarkers, while treatment is based on medical interventions and revascularization procedures, guided by risk scores such as TIMI and GRACE. Risk stratification is crucial for optimizing clinical outcomes, allowing for a personalized approach and aiming to reduce associated mortality.