Acute myeloid leukemia after kidney transplantation: a case report and literature review

Abstract

The incidence of malignancy is greater in kidney transplant recipients compared to the general population, though the higher risk is not equally distributed to all types of cancers. In face of the increased longevity of renal transplant recipients, certain cancers, such as acute leukemias, are becoming more prevalent. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) typically presents with cytopenias and infections, both common findings after kidney transplantation. Therefore, the diagnosis of AML may be initially overlooked in these patients. We report the case of a 33-year-old man who presented with fever, pancytopenia and acute worsening of his renal allograft function 9 years after a living unrelated kidney transplant. After initial negative infectious work-up, a kidney biopsy revealed C4d-positive antibody-mediated rejection in combination with scattered atypical inflammatory cells. A subsequent bone marrow biopsy confirmed AML. He underwent successful induction chemotherapy with daunorubucin and cytarabine and ultimately achieved a complete remission. However, he developed a Page kidney with worsening renal function and abdominal pain three weeks after biopsy in the setting of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. Herein, we discuss the prevalence, risk factors, presentation and management of leukemia after kidney transplantation.

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia-1 in a post-renal transplant patient

“…[3] Retrospective solid organ transplant data analysis suggests seven-fold and 5-fold increase in the incidence of MDS and acute leukemia, respectively. [3,4] MDS are a group of neoplastic stem cell disorder characterized by bone marrow (BM) failure with a tendency to progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is an indolent rare disease in the category of myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS), which can often evolve into acute leukemic neoplasms in high-risk patients.…”