Acute macular neuroretinopathy: A comprehensive review of the literature

Bhavsar, Kavita V.; Lin, Sally; Rahimy, Ehsan; Joseph, Anthony; Freund, K. Bailey; Sarraf, David; Cunningham, Emmett T.

doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.03.003

Cited by 222 publications

(295 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The diagnosis of AMN is confirmed by characteristic imaging features on SD-OCT. Analysis of risk factors in AMN seems to suggest a retinal microvascular aetiology [10]. Ocular TB as a cause of AMN has not been described in the literature to the best of our knowledge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Acute macular neuroretinopathy with coexistent central retinal vein occlusion as the presenting feature in intraocular tuberculosis

Venkatesh

Sangai

Pereira

et al. 2020

J Ophthal Inflamm Infect

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Aim: To report a case of intraocular tuberculosis presenting as acute macular neuroretinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion. Case description: A 29-year-old man presented to the retina clinic with complaints of sudden blurring of vision in the left eye of 3 days duration. His visual acuity was 6/6 and 6/18 in the right and left eye, respectively. Fundus examination of the left eye showed features of central retinal vein occlusion. OCT showed features of type 2 acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) as well. Over a period of 2 weeks, the patient developed choroidal granulomas with overlying retinal elevation and peripapillary choroidal neovascular membrane and retinal granuloma. Mantoux test and HRCT chest confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: The patient was treated with a course of antitubercular therapy, oral corticosteroids and a single dose of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (1.25 mg/0.05 ml Bevacizumab, Roche Pharma) injection. After 6 months of therapy with ATT and tapering course of oral steroids, there was a complete resolution of all clinical signs including the choroidal granuloma with an improvement in visual acuity to 6/6. Conclusion: Acute macular neuroretinopathy can complicate intraocular TB. Tuberculosis should be kept as one of the differential diagnosis in patients with AMN. Prognosis is generally good in patients of ocular TB presenting with retinal vascular occlusions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Acute macular neuroretinopathy with coexistent central retinal vein occlusion as the presenting feature in intraocular tuberculosis

Venkatesh

Sangai

Pereira

et al. 2020

J Ophthal Inflamm Infect

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“…As a differential diagnosis, Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy (AMN) should be ruled out. AMN predominantly occurs in young healthy women, causes acute visual disturbance such as parafoveal scotoma and is characterized by Intraretinal, reddish-brown, wedgeshaped lesions on OCT that resemble retinal light damage [9]. Recently, it was reported that AMN is associated with circulatory disturbance in the Choriocapillaris [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient Macular Damage during Smartphone Usage

Yamauchi¹,

Nakazawa²,

Kato³

et al. 2018

CTOY

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A woman in her twenties experienced a central scotoma in her left eye while she was gazing at the visual display of a Smartphone. Her Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) the following day was 20/15 OD and 20/60 OS. A ringshaped yellowish reflex surrounding the central fovea was observed in the left eye on a fundus photograph, and the inner segment Ellipsoid and Interdigitation Zones (EZ and IZ, respectively) were defective at the foveola on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Ten days later, her BCVA became 20/25 OS. Although defects in the EZ and IZ remained, the fundus abnormality became obscured. Forty days later, her BCVA returned to 20/20 OS, her fundus findings appeared normal, and both EZ and IZ demonstrated nearly normal appearances. Although transient macular damage has been reported in young Patients after prolonged gazing at a computer game display, to our knowledge, this is the first report presenting similar OCT-detectable macular damage that is likely related to Smartphone usage. Since Smartphone’s have become exclusively popular all over the world among not only adults but also younger population, ophthalmologists should be aware that macular damage can occur in Smartphone users, particularly after gazing at the display under dim background illumination. Although such cases are rare, the damage is usually transient and spontaneously recovers after reducing the duration of Smartphone usage.

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“…It was most commonly associated with nonspecific flu-like illness, fever, or oral contraceptive use. 3 The use of epinephrine or phenylephrine, common nasal decongestants, has been theorised as a potential causative agent of AMN. [4][5][6][7] In addition, a review of 902 cases reported by the US Federal Drug Administration's adverse events reporting system regarding epinephrine from 1980 to 1997 disclosed 3 cases that were listed as "retinal disease" or "vision abnormality".…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 From a diagnostic standpoint, mfERG has shown diminished amplitudes in AMN, the effects of which are presumably localised to the outer retina or at the level of the photoreceptor cells; however, normal findings have also been reported. 3,[8][9][10][11] AMN was originally described as an inner retinal disease based on clinical observations alone; however, when Feigl and Haas first reported optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a diagnostic modality in AMN, they found an area of hyper- reflectivity above an unaffected retinal pigment epithelium-choriocapillaris complex in the outer retina. 12 Monson and colleagues used ultra-highresolution OCT and noted focal thinning of the outer retina, possibly at the level of the photoreceptor cell outer segments with distortion of the inner segment/outer segment junction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 With the advent of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), it was determined that AMN lesions typically show hyper-reflectivity at the junction between the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) and are frequently associated with disruption of both the ellipsoid zone (EZ) and interdigitation zone (IZ). 3 Furthermore, anatomical data have been able to support the critical role of deep capillary plexus (DCP) compromise in AMN. 3,14 In 2013, Sarraf and colleagues reported a novel variant of AMN called paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occult Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy

Vaphiades

Grondines

2017

Neuro-Ophthalmology

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A 19-year-old Caucasian woman developed an upper respiratory infection, took a cold formulation containing 5 mg of phenylephrine, and developed a very rare and unusual form of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) that could not be detected on fundoscopic examination, visual fields, nor electrophysiological testing. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) revealed a lesion limited to the fovea. This case illustrates the value of SD-OCT, in light of otherwise normal testing, in a variant of AMN the authors call "occult AMN".

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Acute macular neuroretinopathy: A comprehensive review of the literature

Cited by 222 publications

References 71 publications

Acute macular neuroretinopathy with coexistent central retinal vein occlusion as the presenting feature in intraocular tuberculosis

Acute macular neuroretinopathy with coexistent central retinal vein occlusion as the presenting feature in intraocular tuberculosis

Transient Macular Damage during Smartphone Usage

Occult Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy

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