Acute Lung Injury Induced by a Commercial Leather Conditioner

An in vitro method for predicting inhalation toxicity of impregnation spray products

“…Both rats (Pauluhn et al, 2008), guinea pigs (Hubbs et al, 1997) and mice (Duch et al, 2014;Yamashita and Tanaka, 1995) are useful for this purpose. The mouse model used in the present study has previously been used to assess airway irritation potential of industrial chemicals (Alarie, 1973).…”

“…Furthermore, disruption of pulmonary surfactant may lead to development of atelectasis (Nørgaard et al, 2010). Atelectasis may progress to tissue damage and edema, and product testing may cause lethal lung damage (Hubbs et al, 1997;Nørgaard et al, 2010;Pauluhn et al, 2008). We have recently shown that a tile-coating product, "Stain repellent super", which caused respiratory distress in 39 people in Greenland, also inhibits the function of pulmonary surfactant in vitro using the Langmuir balance, i.e., the classical method for studying lung surfactant properties (Duch et al, 2014), substantiating that this endpoint has relevance for effects in humans.…”

Toxic alveolitis after inhalation of a water repellent

“…Alternatively, a direct toxic effect on alveolar cells has been demonstrated, through blockage of the Krebs cycle leading to cell death [8]. In animal studies, exposure to impregnating sprays lead to necrosis of type I alveolar cells, alveolar hemorrhage, and alveolar edema; an inflammatory cellular response was only a minor pathological finding [9]. Other experimental animal data suggest that the severity of pulmonary complications due to inhalation of waterproofing sprays is related to particle size [10].…”

“…There are only limited published data regarding the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the acute phase after exposure to waterproofing sprays. In an animal study, high numbers of erythrocytes were found in the BAL fluid of the exposed animals [9]. A French report showed an inflamed bronchial tree with a hemorrhagic BAL fluid [12].…”

Prediction of acute inhalation toxicity using in vitro lung surfactant inhibition

“…This effect has been proposed to be driven by interaction between the IP and the LS, which may lead to development of atelectasis (Nørgaard et al, 2010). Atelectasis may progress to tissue damage and edema, and product testing may therefore cause irreversible and lethal lung damage (Hubbs et al, 1997;Pauluhn et al, 2008;Nørgaard et al, 2010). We refined the mouse model during the course of the experiments to keep the potential suffering of the animals at the lowest possible level.…”