Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review of the Literature

Is Serum Phosphate Concentration a Biomarker for Renal Injury and Recovery in Cardiac Surgery?

“…Perioperative risk factors include prolonged CPB and aortic cross-clamp time, hypotension, low-cardiac-output state, and hemorrhage. 1,2 AKI is diagnosed using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) criteria based on oliguria and elevation in serum creatinine (SCr) concentration relative to baseline. 3 As creatinine is freely filtered at the glomerulus, and neither secreted nor reabsorbed, an increasing SCr concentration represents a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).…”

Filter life span in postoperative cardiovascular surgery patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy, using a postdilution regional citrate anticoagulation continuous hemofiltration circuit

“…Acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) after cardiac surgery affects between 2-5% of patients and carries a mortality rate between 36 and 78% [1,2]. Regional Citrate Anticoagulation (RCA) is the Kidney Disease-Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) recommended anticoagulation of choice for continuous renal replacement therapy and is of particular value to patients with contraindications to heparin and high risk of bleeding such as those who have undergone cardiac surgery [3,4].…”

Renal Function and Heart Failure: Assessment, Goals, and Perioperative Implications

“…AS MANY AS 40% of cardiac surgery patients may experience acute kidney injury (AKI) perioperatively. 1 AKI is an independent risk factor for both increased morbidity and mortality, 2 and risk factors for AKI include age, hypertension, diabetes, and heart failure. 3 Recently, the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) issued a statement on the evaluation of kidney function in heart failure.…”