Acute Irritation and Sensitization Potential of JP-8 Jet Fuel

Abstract

Test and Results:pve Irrit atiog Protocol: New Zealand White Rabbits, 9 female, 2 to 3 kg; a topical anesthetic instilled in all rabbit eyes approximately 2 min prior to treatment; 0.1 mL into conjunctival sac, contralateral eye as untreated control; washed eyes flushed with lukewarm water for 1 min, 20 to 30 sec after treatment; Draize scoring technique'. Draize Scores: Unwashed (6 rabbit mean) 1 d 0 . 0 , 2 d 0 . 0 , 3 d 0 . 0 , 4 d 0 . 0 , 7 d 0.0; Washed (3 rabbit mean) 1 d 0.0, 2 d 0 . 0 , 3 d 0 . 0 , 4 d 0.0, 7 d 0 , Q Results: Nonirritating skin Irri tation Protocol: New Zealand white Rabbits, 6 female, 2 to 3 kg; apply 0.5 mL to intact and abraded skin; cover with gauze pad, dental dam, and elastic tape; patches removed at 24 h; wipe clean and evaluate at 1 h, 1, 2, 3, and 7 days using Draize technique'. -Primary dermal irritation index = 1.29, slightly irritating. ennal Sensitizatio Protocol: Ten Hartley, male, albino guinea pigs, 6 t o 8 Eeeks of age, N=10;'0.1 mL topically applied four times over a 10-day period. Following a two-week induction period, the animals were challenged with 0.1 mL of the test material on the clipped flank. Site scored for edema and erythema at 24 and 40 h; Draize technique. Results: 101 of tho animals showed a sensitization response; weak sensitizing potential. 'DRAIZE, J.H. (1959) Dermal Toxicitv. ADD raisal of the Safetv of Chemicals in Food, Druas, and Cosmetics. Assoc. of Food and Drug Officials of the U.S., Austin, TX, 49-51.

Comparative In Vivo Toxicity of Topical JP-8 Jet Fuel and Its Individual Hydrocarbon Components: Identification of Tridecane and Tetradecane as Key Constituents Responsible for Dermal Irritation

“…Studies have shown that repeated dermal exposures to jet fuels result in skin irritation (Kinkead et al, 1992;Baker et al, 1999;Monteiro-Riviere et al, 2001a). However, the specific causative fuel components within JP-8 have not been identified.…”

Acute Dermal Irritation Study and Salmonella-Escherichia coli/Microsome Plate Incorporation Assay of Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) Bio-Based Jet Fuels

“…JP-8 was found to be slightly irritating in a previous study by Kinkead et al (1992). In a more recent study by Hurley et al (2011), JP-8 was also reported as slightly irritating under semioccluded exposure.…”

“…Results from this rabbit skin irritation test varied: non-irritating ; slightly irritating (Kinkead et al, 1992); non-irritating (Wolfe et al, 1996); and moderately irritating (Hurley et al (2011). JP-8 is commonly combined with anti-icing and anti-corrosion chemicals, known as the JP-8+100 packages.…”

The cytotoxicity of volatile JP-8 jet fuel components in keratinocytes

“…JP-8 is a kerosene-based fuel that is irritating to the skin and a weak skin sensitizer (Kinkead et al, 1992;Kanikkannan et al, 2000). Aromatic and aliphatic components of JP-8 can rapidly penetrate the skin (McDougal et al, 2000), which can promote mild skin irritation, oxidative species formation, and DNA damage (Kinkead et al, 1992;Kanikkannan et al, 2000;Kabbur et al, 2001;Rogers et al, 2001).…”