Acute hyperthyroidism: Cognitive and emotional correlates.

Wallace, Jean E.; MacCrimmon, Duncan J.; Goldberg, W. M.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.89.4.519

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…specifically associated with Graves' disease or with Graves' ophthalmopathy, and that patients hospitalised with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease are at a similar risk of subsequent affective disorder as patients hospitalised with hyperthyroidism from other causes. While Wallace et al (1980) stated that 'in hyperthyroidism the brain returns to normal more slowly than the blood' (17), prospective studies of patients with hyperthyroidism suggest that remission of affective and cognitive symptoms usually occurs within a few months of patients becoming euthyroid. We found that the risk of affective disorder was greatest in the first half-year following discharge with hyperthyroidism, but a normalisation of affective symptoms within months is not concordant with our finding of a 2.47 (CI 95%: 1.57-3.90) rate ratio of admission with affective disorder in the time interval 0.5 -1 year after a discharge diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased risk of affective disorder following hospitalisation with hyperthyroidism – a register-based study

et al. 2005

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Objective: The pattern of co-morbidity between thyroid disorders and affective disorder is not fully known. We assessed whether hospitalisation with hyperthyroidism was a risk factor for hospitalisation with affective disorder and evaluated the temporal relationship between these events. Design: A historical prospective cohort study comparing patients with hyperthyroidism with patients with non-toxic goitre or osteoarthritis, using existing data from Danish registers. The observational period was from 1 January 1977 to 31 December 1999. Methods: Three study cohorts were identified by their International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnoses at discharge from hospital and consisted of all patients with a first hospital admission with the index diagnoses of hyperthyroidism, osteoarthritis, or non-toxic goitre. Later admissions to psychiatric hospital wards with discharge ICD diagnoses of affective disorder were used as events of interest. Rates of re-admission were estimated using competing risks models in survival analyses. Age, sex, substance abuse, and calendar time were included as co-variables. Results: A study sample of 183 647 patients discharged with an index diagnosis was identified. In total 1374 events occurred in the observational period. An index diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation with affective disorder for both sexes and for all age-bands investigated, compared with the other index diagnoses. The risk was greatest in the first six months after index hospitalisation (rate ratio, 95% confidence interval: 3.60 (2.58 -5.04)). Conclusions: Patients hospitalised with hyperthyroidism are at greater risk of re-admission with depressive disorder or bipolar disorder than control patients. This suggests that hyperthyroidism is associated with long-term mood disturbances.European Journal of Endocrinology 152 535-543

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, few prospective studies of affective symptoms of patients with hyperthyroidism exist, and they have been conducted with relatively short follow-up times. Also, because of small numbers of patients prospective studies have been sensitive to bias due to drop-out (8,20,21) or to bias in the selection of patients (17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased risk of affective disorder following hospitalisation with hyperthyroidism – a register-based study

et al. 2005

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“…Finally, hypothyroidal patients produced clinically elevated scores on the Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychasthenia, and Schizophrenia scales ofthe MMPI. MacCrimmon et al (1979) and Wallace et al (1980) demonstrated the same elevations in hypothyroidal patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the MMPI Depression scale was the highest and the Mania scale was the lowest value, a classical MMPI pattern for major depressive disorders.…”

Section: Effects Of Thyroid Hormones On Affectmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…MacCrimmon, Wallace , Goldberg, and Streiner (1979) and Wallace , MacCrimmon, and Goldberg (1980) described the results of a series of cognitive tasks performed by thyrotoxic female patients and a matched group of healthy volunteers. Tasks included Stroop Color-Word Test, Paired Associate Learning, the Spokes Test, Finger Tapping, and the Competing Voice Message Test.…”

Section: Hyperthyroidismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Disorders

Beckwith¹

2001

Medical Neuropsychology

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provide reviews of the thyroid axis and its disorders. The thyroid gland in the human consists of two lateral lobes (connected by an isthmus) that lie over the trachea below the cricoid cartilage and is one of the largest endocrine glands, weighing about 20-30 g in an adult. Arterial blood is supplied by the superior thyroid artery,' arising from the external carotid arteries, and the inferior, arising from the subclavian arteries. Autonomic innervation is provided by both adrenergic and cholinergic neurons arising from the cervical ganglia and the vagus nerve , respectively. Neurogenic-adrenergic innervation regulates blood flow through the gland in addition to acting directly at the level of the follicle cell . Synthesis and Metabolism of Thyroid HormonesSynthesis of thyroid hormones is dependent on the availability of adequate quantities of exogenous iodine. Iodine is provided by inorganic iodide from the diet, iodide leak (passive loss of iodide from the thyroid into the blood), and peripheral deiodination of thyroid hormones. Iodide is concentrated in extracellular fluid , from which it is drawn during the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Iodide is stored in red blood cells and intraluminal fluids such as saliva and gastric juice and is cleared predominately through the thyroid and kidney, which reabsorbs iodide passively and is not considered as sharing in thyroid homeostasis. The major channel for removal of iodide from extracellular fluid is the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is unique among endocrine glands in that it has a large store of hormone and a slow rate of turnover. This large reservoir (about 100 days of the average output of the thyroid gland) provides extended protection against depletion of circulating thyroid hormone in the event of termination of synthesis of th yroid hormones. BILL E. BECKWITH • She ll Point Retir ement Comm unity. Fort Myers, Florida 33908.

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“…[4] However, other studies have shown that symptoms of bipolar disorders persist in patients with hyperthyroidism after their hyperthyroidism has been brought under control with medication. [6], [7] Moreover, another study stressed that residual mood disturbance may exist for a long time even under euthyroid status. [8] There is no doubt that elevated thyroid hormone level has direct effect on mood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperthyroidism and Risk for Bipolar Disorders: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

Shen

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundThyroid disorders have long been associated with psychiatric illness, often with symptoms suggestive of mood disorders. The most common clinical features associated with hyperthyroidism are anxiety and depression. The risk of bipolar disorders, especially bipolar mania, among patients with thyroid disorders has not been well characterized.ObjectiveWe explored the relationship of hyperthyroidism and the subsequent development of bipolar disorders, and examined the risk factors for bipolar disorders in patients with hyperthyroidism.MethodsWe identified patients who were diagnosed with hyperthyroidism between 2000 and 2010 in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. A comparison cohort without hyperthyroidism was matched based on age, sex, and comorbidities. The occurrence of bipolar disorders was evaluated in both cohorts based on diagnosis and the use of mood stabilizer drugs.ResultsThe hyperthyroidism cohort consisted of 21, 574 patients, and the comparison cohort consisted of 21, 574 matched control patients without hyperthyroidism. The incidence of bipolar disorders (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.31, 95% CI 1.80–2.99, P<.001) was higher for the hyperthyroidism patients than the control patients. Multivariate, matched regression models showed that women (HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.34–3.05, P = .001), patients with alcohol use disorders (HR 3.03, 95% CI 1.58–5.79, P = .001), and those with asthma (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.18–2.43, P = .004) were independent risk factors for the development of bipolar disorders in hyperthyroidism patients.ConclusionsAlthough a possibility that the diagnosis of bipolar disorders in this study actually includes "bipolar disorders due to hyperthyroidism" cannot be excluded, this study suggests that hyperthyroidism may increase the risk of developing bipolar disorders.

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Acute hyperthyroidism: Cognitive and emotional correlates.

Cited by 32 publications

References 14 publications

Increased risk of affective disorder following hospitalisation with hyperthyroidism – a register-based study

Increased risk of affective disorder following hospitalisation with hyperthyroidism – a register-based study

Thyroid Disorders

Hyperthyroidism and Risk for Bipolar Disorders: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

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