Acute Hypertension With Orbital Carcinoid Tumor

Carcinoid metastasis to extraocular muscles: case reports and review of the literature

“…15,25 Involvement of extraocular muscles was documented in four case reports. 17,21,23,24 One case involved the right superior rectus muscle only, one involved the inferior rectus only, one case had involvement of the levator palpebrae/superior rectus complex and the medial rectus muscles, and the patient in the other case report had involvement of all of the extraocular muscles of the left eye. 17,21,23,24 Given the limited number of cases, there has been no clear consensus on the appropriate treatment of metastatic carcinoid to intraocular structures and/or the orbit.…”

“…12 There have been 50 (including the two present cases) patients with metastatic lesions to the eye or orbit described in the literature. 4,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Of the cases described, 18 were male and 32 were female. 4,11-28 Thirtyseven were Caucasian, though race was not given in all patients.…”

“…4,11,14,18,19,[25][26][27][28] Of the 21 cases in which the systemic diagnosis was made first (when the information was provided), there was an average lag period of 62.7 months before the eye involvement was noted. 4,11,12,14,16,17,[19][20][21][22][23]25,27 In the six cases in which eye involvement was the first sign noted, there was an average period of 18 months before systemic signs were noted. 4,12,13,15,26,28 In four cases, the ocular and systemic involvement were noted simultaneously.…”

“…4,11 The metastatic site was noted in all 50 cases. 4,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] The choroid is the site most frequently affected and choroid involvement was noted in 22 of the published cases. 4,11,12,14,[18][19][20]26 This can most likely be explained by the high blood flow of the choroid, making it a favored place for hematogenous metastasis.…”

“…The next most common site was the orbit with 23 cases (including our present cases). 4,12,16,17,21,23,24,27,28 Iris involvement occurred in four cases and three cases involved the ciliary Orbit Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Universitat de Girona on 12/04/14…”