Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreak in the city of Fortaleza, northeast Brazil

Molecular epidemiology of coxsackie A type 24 variant in Taiwan, 2000–2007

“…Recently, coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) has been implicated as a major causative agent of AHC outbreaks in many countries. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In Taiwan, AHC caused by CA24v was characterized by the highest incidence of subconjunctivital hemorrhages (SCHs) among three major aetiological agents of AHC, the other two being Enterovirus 70 (EV70) and adenovirus. 9 Therefore, the reemergence of CA24v is a major public health problem, particularly in heavily populated areas.…”

Sialic Acid Is a Cellular Receptor for Coxsackievirus A24 Variant, an Emerging Virus with Pandemic Potential

“…It continued with an outbreak in Malaysia the same year (18). In 2003, outbreaks of AHC were reported from South Korea (46), India (19), Nepal (25), Tunisia (60), and Congo (29), and in the western hemisphere from Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Caribbean countries (45), French Guiana and the West Indies (15), Puerto Rico (2), and Brazil (38). In 2004, more outbreaks hit both the western (58) and eastern (29) hemispheres.…”

An ex vivo model of coxsackievirus infection using multilayered human conjunctival epithelial cells

“…CVA24 is one of the principal pathogens causing acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) [2,3]. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of ocular pain, swelling of the eyelids, a foreign-body sensation or irritation, epiphora (excessive tearing), eye discharge, and photophobia [4,5].…”