Acute Gastroenteritis Caused by GI/2 Sapovirus, Taiwan, 2007

Wu, Fang‐Tzy; Oka, Takahiro; Takeda, Naokazu; Katayama, Kazuhiko; Hansman, Grant S.; Muo, Chih‐Hsin; Liang, Shy-Yuan; Hung, Ching-Hsiang; Jiang, Donald Dah-Shyong; Chang, Jui Hsin; Yang, Jyh-Yuan; Wu, Ho-Sheng; Yang, Cheng-Fen

doi:10.3201/eid1407.071531

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In addition, calicivirus infections are increasing globally (27), and sapovirus genotype I.2 may have the same mechanisms of persistence in humans as norovirus genotype II.4, such as low infectious dose, high infectivity, high level of shedding, high environmental persistence, multiple transmission routes, and prolonged shedding after clinical recovery (20). Combined with data from Sweden, Hungary, and Slovenia, we conclude that SaV infections are increasing in Europe and, based on recent reports, are also emerging worldwide (5,10,11,15,18,22,34). Therefore, we recommend the inclusion of a sapovirus diagnostic assay in the analysis of outbreaks of suspected viral GE in other laboratories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The increased reporting of SaV outbreaks was concomitant with the increased prevalence of SaV genotype I.2 (58% of SaV-associated outbreaks in the Netherlands, 27% in Sweden, 40% in Slovenia, and 100% in Hungary). SaV strains belonging to genotype I.2 have been causing infections worldwide recently (5,11,18,34). Again, this could reflect changes in the sensitivities of the methods used; nevertheless, previously used PCR methods are based on relatively conserved targets within the polymerase region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, SaVs have recently been reported as an occasional cause of outbreaks in hospitals and other health care facilities. The age groups affected in these facilities have ranged from young adults to the elderly, suggesting less age restriction for illness than previously thought (8,14,15,19,22,34). Although SaV-associated diarrhea is generally mild, severe cases can occur (25).…”

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confidence: 96%

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Epidemiology and Genotype Analysis of Emerging Sapovirus-Associated Infections across Europe

et al. 2010

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Sapoviruses (SaVs) belong to the Caliciviridae family and can cause gastroenteritis in humans and swine. Despite extensive testing, human sapoviruses have been found only in sporadic cases and in one mixed outbreak in children between 1994 and 2007 in the Netherlands. Here we describe a change in sapovirus epidemiology in the Netherlands resulting in sapovirus outbreaks and infections in adults. From November 2007 to January 2009, 478 outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were reported to the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment in the Netherlands as a part of ongoing surveillance. Sapoviruses were found to be the most likely cause of 19 outbreaks (4%). During the same 2-year period, sapovirus infections were reported in Sweden, Slovenia, and Hungary. In the Netherlands, further characterization of outbreak strains showed that 12 (63%) sapovirus outbreaks were caused by genotype I.2 viruses. Most patients were adults older than 60 years (range, 1 to 100 years). Phylogenetic analysis using all presently available SaV sequences showed high homology between genotype I.2 strains detected in different geographical regions (Sweden, Slovenia, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia) since 2007. These first reported outbreaks of sapovirus infections in adults in the Netherlands were remarkable. Detection of identical genotypes in many samples might suggest that these viruses have the same origin, and since the infection is spreading fast, the prevalence of sapovirus infection may be increasing. The incidence of sapovirus infections in these countries suggests that a substantial part of Europe is affected by this virus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 96%

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Epidemiology and Genotype Analysis of Emerging Sapovirus-Associated Infections across Europe

et al. 2010

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“…Norovirus has now replaced rotavirus as the leading cause of medically attended acute diarrhea in pediatric populations (6, 7), and sapovirus, belonging to a separate genus of the Caliciviridae family, has been reported as the second most commonly detected virus after norovirus in children with acute diarrhea where rotavirus vaccination was implemented (8, 9). In addition, reports on sapovirus outbreaks across all age groups have increased in South Asia, Europe, and North America recently (10)(11)(12)(13)(14).The genome of sapovirus consists of a positive-sense, singlestranded RNA with two open reading frames (ORFs) (12). ORF1 encodes the nonstructural proteins and a major capsid protein, VP1, and ORF2 encodes a protein whose function is still unknown (12).…”

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Etiological Role and Repeated Infections of Sapovirus among Children Aged Less than 2 Years in a Cohort Study in a Peri-urban Community of Peru

et al. 2016

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iHuman sapovirus has been shown to be one of the most important etiologies in pediatric patients with acute diarrhea. However, very limited data are available about the causative roles and epidemiology of sapovirus in community settings. A nested matched case-control study within a birth cohort study of acute diarrhea in a peri-urban community in Peru from 2007 to 2010 was conducted to investigate the attributable fraction (AF) and genetic diversity of sapovirus. By quantitative reverse transcription-realtime PCR (qPCR) sapovirus was detected in 12.4% (37/299) of diarrheal and 5.7% (17/300) of nondiarrheal stools (P ‫؍‬ 0.004). The sapovirus AF (7.1%) was higher in the second year (13.2%) than in the first year (1.4%) of life of children. Ten known genotypes and one novel cluster (n ‫؍‬ 5) within four genogroups (GI, GII, GIV, and GV) were identified by phylogenetic analysis of a partial VP1 gene. Further sequence analysis of the full VP1 gene revealed a possible novel genotype, tentatively named GII.8. Notably, symptomatic reinfections with different genotypes within the same (n ‫؍‬ 3) or different (n ‫؍‬ 5) genogroups were observed in eight children. Sapovirus exhibited a high attributable burden for acute gastroenteritis, especially in the second year of life, of children in a Peruvian community. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand better the global burden, genetic diversity, and repeated infections of sapovirus. Acute diarrhea is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in pediatric populations, especially in developing countries. Rotavirus, norovirus, and other viruses are common causative etiological agents, and rotavirus accounts for about 440,000 child deaths annually (1), while norovirus is a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic acute diarrhea (2). Currently a rotavirus vaccination program has been implemented in 80 countries as a part of national immunization programs (http://sites.path.org /rotavirusvaccine/rotavirus-vaccines/#global-intro). It successfully reduced the number of hospitalizations and deaths due to acute gastroenteritis (3, 4) and is cost-effective (5). Norovirus has now replaced rotavirus as the leading cause of medically attended acute diarrhea in pediatric populations (6, 7), and sapovirus, belonging to a separate genus of the Caliciviridae family, has been reported as the second most commonly detected virus after norovirus in children with acute diarrhea where rotavirus vaccination was implemented (8, 9). In addition, reports on sapovirus outbreaks across all age groups have increased in South Asia, Europe, and North America recently (10)(11)(12)(13)(14).The genome of sapovirus consists of a positive-sense, singlestranded RNA with two open reading frames (ORFs) (12). ORF1 encodes the nonstructural proteins and a major capsid protein, VP1, and ORF2 encodes a protein whose function is still unknown (12). Like for norovirus, multiple genetic clusters of human sapovirus have been reported, including four genogroups (GI, GII, GIV, and GV) with 17 gen...

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Surveillance of pathogens in outpatients with gastroenteritis and characterization of sapovirus strains between 2002 and 2007 in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan

Harada

Okada

Yahiro

et al. 2009

Journal of Medical Virology

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Infectious acute gastroenteritis is an important public health problem worldwide. A total of 639 stool specimens were tested for the presence of diarrhea pathogens. The specimens were from outpatients with acute gastroenteritis who consulted the pediatric clinic in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, from June 2002 to December 2007. Of these, 421 (65.9%) were positive for diarrhea pathogens. Among them were norovirus (NoV) in 260 (61.8%), sapovirus (SaV) in 81 (19.2%), rotavirus in 49 (11.6%), adenovirus in 19 (4.5%), enterovirus in 13 (3.1%), astrovirus in 9 (2.1%), kobuvirus in 1 (0.2%), and bacterial pathogens in 11 (2.6%). Mixed infection (co-infection of viruses) was found in 22 (5.2%) of the 421 pathogen-positive stool samples. NoV was the most prevalent pathogen throughout the study period; however, the SaV detection rate was unexpectedly high and was found to be the secondary pathogen from 2005 to 2007. Genetic analysis of SaV with 81 strains demonstrated that SaV strains belonging to genogroup IV emerged in 2007, and dynamic genogroup changes occurred in a restricted geographic area. This study showed that SaV infection is not as rare as thought previously.

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Acute Gastroenteritis Caused by GI/2 Sapovirus, Taiwan, 2007

Cited by 34 publications

References 11 publications

Epidemiology and Genotype Analysis of Emerging Sapovirus-Associated Infections across Europe

Epidemiology and Genotype Analysis of Emerging Sapovirus-Associated Infections across Europe

Etiological Role and Repeated Infections of Sapovirus among Children Aged Less than 2 Years in a Cohort Study in a Peri-urban Community of Peru

Surveillance of pathogens in outpatients with gastroenteritis and characterization of sapovirus strains between 2002 and 2007 in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan

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