Acute exposure of rats to air ions: Effects on the regional concentration and utilization of serotonin in brain

Bailey, Warren; Charry, Jonathan M.

doi:10.1002/bem.2250080208

Cited by 10 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Another study reported an elevation of brain serotonin after positive ion exposure with a decrease following negative ion exposure, using 700,000 ions/cm3 in both cases (Beardwood et al, 1987). Three recent studies, however, using exposures of 500,000 to 1.5 million ions/cm3 for similar periods showed no effect on serotonin or serotonin precursors and metabolites (Dowdall and de Montigny, 1985;and Bailey and Charry, 1987). In addition, Charry and Bailey (1 985) failed to find any effect of air ion exposures on the concentration and utilization of norepinephrine and dopamine -two other neurotransmitters in brain (Charry and Bailey, 1985).…”

Section: Serotonin Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 95%

HVDC power transmission environmental issues review

Bailey¹,

Weil²,

Stewart³

1997

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Thii report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to the public from the National Technical Information Servii, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22 16 1.This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nof any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal l i b i l i i or responsibili for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disdosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER IntroductionEnvironmental issues are addressed in the permitting process of every transmission line project, whether it be a new line or an upgrade of an existing line. In recent years, the most controversial issue associated with alternating current lines is the potential effects of electromagnetic fields on human health. However, environmental effects on animals, plant life and other electrical and communication systems also must be assessed in every case. Although different from ac lines, high voltage direct current (HVDC) lines also produce environmental effects that warrant review and assessment in every project. This report strives to define the various environmental effects associated with HVDC lines, discusses the current knowledge of their potential effects on biological and non-biological systems, and compares these effects associated with ac lines where appropriate. The Environment Near an Electric Power LineThe electrical environment of a high voltage transmission line can be characterized by three electrical parameters: 1) the electric field, 2) the air ion and charged aerosol concentration, and 3) the magnetic field. The electric field arises from both the electric charge on the conductors and for an HVDC transmission l i e , charges on air ions and aerosols surrounding the conductor.In addition, corona may also produce low levels of ozone, audible noise, electric field and radio interference. A magnetic field is produced by current flowing through the conductors. Summary of Key FindingsIons. Neither the animal nor human studies provide any reliable evidence for the proposition that air ions produce any harmful effects. In fact, there is considerable uncertainty as to whether there are any biological responses to air ions. At the levels produced by HVDC transmission lines, the possibility of risk to human health appears remote, if not vanishingly small. There are no published guidelines for maximum ex...

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Section: Serotonin Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 95%

HVDC power transmission environmental issues review

Bailey¹,

Weil²,

Stewart³

1997

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“…This was the only study that was explicitly conducted under blinded conditions. Seven studies focused on the effects of air ions [38–43, 73]; these studies were included in this review because they also tested a static EF alone. An additional four studies investigated exposures to EF from a HVDC line [44, 45] or a simulated HVDC environment [46, 47].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological effects of exposure to static electric fields in humans and vertebrates: a systematic review

et al. 2017

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BackgroundHigh-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines are the technology of choice for the transport of large amounts of energy over long distances. The operation of these lines produces static electric fields (EF), but the data reviewed in previous assessments were not sufficient to assess the need for any environmental limit. The aim of this systematic review was to update the current state of research and to evaluate biological effects of static EF.MethodsUsing the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) recommendations, we collected and evaluated experimental and epidemiological studies examining biological effects of exposure to static EF in humans (n = 8) and vertebrates (n = 40).ResultsThere is good evidence that humans and animals are able to perceive the presence of static EF at sufficiently high levels. Hair movements caused by electrostatic forces may play a major role in this perception. A large number of studies reported responses of animals (e.g., altered metabolic, immunologic or developmental parameters) to a broad range of static EF strengths as well, but these responses are likely secondary physiological responses to sensory stimulation. Furthermore, the quality of many of the studies reporting physiological responses is poor, which raises concerns about confounding. ConclusionThe weight of the evidence from the literature reviewed did not indicate that static EF have adverse biological effects in humans or animals. The evidence strongly supported the role of superficial sensory stimulation of hair and skin as the basis for perception of the field, as well as reported indirect behavioral and physiological responses. Physical considerations also preclude any direct effect of static EF on internal physiology, and reports that some physiological processes are affected in minor ways may be explained by other factors. While this literature does not support a level of concern about biological effects of exposure to static EF, the conditions that affect thresholds for human detection and possible annoyance at suprathreshold levels should be investigated.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12940-017-0248-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Given that longer or repeated exposures to negative air ions were not observed to strengthen the response of subjects, additional investigation of the biological plausibility is warranted. The concentrations of air ions expressed as parts per trillion are vanishingly small and well-controlled animal studies do not report changes in catecholamine neurotransmitter levels [50] or the levels and turnover of serotonin in the brain [49] even though opposing effects of longer-term exposure to negative and positive air ions on the responsiveness of hippocampal neurons to serotonin have been reported [51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Presumably, the greater the ion concentration, combined with longer exposure durations at greater frequency, the greater the likelihood for air ion exposure to produce a biological response in exposed subjects, if in fact a real association is present. While there is no consistent support in animal studies for effects of negative or positive air ion treatment on central nervous system neurotransmitter systems linked to depression [21,49,50], Dowdall and De Montigny [51] have reported that continuous exposure of rats to negative air ions at a density of 1.5 × 10 6 ions/cm 3 for 21 days increases the response of hippocampal pyramidal neurons to iontophoretically applied serotonin as do several antidepressant drugs. Nonetheless, human studies to date on the relationship between exposure duration, within high and low air ion concentrations, and depression symptom severity do not support such a relationship.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Ions and Mood Outcomes: a Review and Metaanalysis

Pérez

Alexander

Bailey

2012

Annals of Epidemiology

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Background: Psychological effects of air ions have been reported for more than 80 years in the media and scientific literature. This study summarizes a qualitative literature review and quantitative meta-analysis, where applicable, that examines the potential effects of exposure to negative and positive air ions on psychological measures of mood and emotional state. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted to identify human experimental studies published through August, 2012. Thirty-three studies evaluating the effects of air ionization on depression, anxiety, mood states, and subjective feelings of mental well-being in humans were included. Five studies on negative ionization and depression (measured using a structured interview guide) were evaluated by level of exposure intensity (high vs. low) using meta-analysis. Results: Consistent ionization effects were not observed for anxiety, mood, relaxation/sleep, and personal comfort. In contrast, meta-analysis results showed that negative ionization, overall, was significantly associated with lower depression ratings, with a stronger association observed at high levels of negative ion exposure (mean summary effect and 95% confidence interval (CI) following high-and low-density exposure: 14.28 (95% CI: 12.93-15.62) and 7.23 (95% CI: 2.62-11.83), respectively). The response to high-density ionization was observed in patients with seasonal or chronic depression, but an effect of low-density ionization was observed only in patients with seasonal depression. However, no relationship between the duration or frequency of ionization treatment on depression ratings was evident.

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Acute exposure of rats to air ions: Effects on the regional concentration and utilization of serotonin in brain

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

HVDC power transmission environmental issues review

HVDC power transmission environmental issues review

Biological effects of exposure to static electric fields in humans and vertebrates: a systematic review

Air Ions and Mood Outcomes: a Review and Metaanalysis

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