Acute exercise and subsequent energy intake. A meta-analysis

Abstract

The precise magnitude of the effect of acute exercise on subsequent energy intake is not well understood. Identifying how large a deficit exercise can produce in energy intake and whether this is compensated for, is important in design of long-term exercise programs for weight loss and weight maintenance. Thus, this paper sought to review and perform a meta-analysis on data from the existing literature. Twenty-nine studies, consisting of 51 trials, were identified for inclusion. Exercise duration ranged from 30 to 120min at intensities of 36-81% VO(2)max, with trials ranging from 2 to 14h, and ad libitum test meals offered 0-2h post-exercise. The outcome variables included absolute energy intake and relative energy intake. A random effects model was employed for analysis due to expected heterogeneity. Results indicated that exercise has a trivial effect on absolute energy intake (n=51; ES=0.14, 95% CI: -0.005 to 0.29) and a large effect on relative energy intake (creating an energy deficit, n=25; ES=-1.35, 95% CI: -1.64 to -1.05). Despite variability among studies, results suggest that exercise is effective for producing a short-term energy deficit and that individuals tend not to compensate for the energy expended during exercise in the immediate hours after exercise by altering food intake.

The role of low-calorie sweeteners in the prevention and management of overweight and obesity: evidence v. conjecture

“…However, food intake needs to be controlled because the limited capacity of the gut means that processing a meal poses a significant physiological challenge (9) . The model is consistent with the observations that appetite is reduced acutely by energy intake (a meal added to the limited capacity of the saucepan/gut), but largely unaffected by an acute increase in energy expenditure (energy removed from the large store of energy in the bathtub/body) (10) . The existence of a relatively weak but chronic negative feedback effect on appetite proportional to body fatness is supported by observations on the dynamics of changes in energy intake and body weight in rat dietary obesity (11,12,13) and in humans challenged with covert imposition of negative energy balance (14) .…”

Acute post-exercise energy and macronutrient intake in lean and obese youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The effect of acute exercise on energy intake has been widely explored and discussed in adults for the last 20 years (3,5,6). Recently, the interest around this question in pediatric population emerged (10).…”

“…Despite the large numbers of studies that have been conducted in adults, the question of how exercise precisely affects EI and appetite control remains controversial (4). In their recent meta-analysis based on 29 studies, Schubert et al (2014) revealed 90 that adults do not compensate for the EE induced by acute exercise by increasing their food intake (5). Furthermore, Donnelly and collaborators (2014) also failed (in a systematic review) to identify any consistent evidence to suggest that increased physical activity (or exercise) modifies energy or macronutrient intake in adults (6).…”

Efeito agudo do exercício realizado em diferentes intensidades sobre a fome, hormônios relacionados ao apetite e ingestão alimentar em homens e mulheres

“…Com relação ao apetite, os estudos têm demonstrado que uma sessão de exercício -principalmente os de caráter aeróbio -pode, de forma aguda, influenciar o apetite (secreção hormonal, fome e ingestão alimentar) pós-exercício (KING et al, 2010;KING et al, 2011;SCHUBERT et al, 2013;SCHUBERT et al, 2014).…”

“…Enquanto sabe-se que a restrição alimentar provoca um efeito compensatório na ingestão alimentar (KING et al, 2011), após uma sessão de exercício esse efeito parece não ocorrer, sendo que após uma sessão de exercício aeróbio a energia ingerida relativa (energia consumida subtraída da despendida) é menor quando comparada à situação sem o exercício (SCHUBERT et al, 2013), acompanhada de diminuição da grelina acilada e aumento do PYY na corrente sanguínea (SCHUBERT et al, 2014). Além disso, essas respostas podem ser acompanhadas da diminuição na sensação de fome pós-exercício, obtida via escala analógica visual (BROOM et al, 2007;CHENG et al, 2009;KING et al, 2010).…”