“…Another study found an acute 76% increase in the pulsatile index (PI) of the umbilical artery after maternal smoking [53] . However, other studies found no effect on blood flow, velocity, diameter, and the systolic/diastolic ratio, PI, and refractive index in the uteroplacental or fetal blood vessels [54] . This may indicate that the PMSE effects on placental vasculature are not consistent among smoking mothers.…”
Perinatal maternal smoking exposure (PMSE) is one of the major environmental risk factors encountered by the fetus. PMSE is usually associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes that may manifest at different stages of life. Nevertheless, fetal growth restriction is the most common smoking-induced side effect. PMSE induces changes in the maternal multiple organ systems. These alterations may affect placentation, which subsequently affects fetal growth. It is worthy to note, however, that the extent of maternal smoking-induced changes depends mainly on the maternal level of susceptibility. Hence, the perinatal pregnancy outcomes vary depending on the interaction between the triad: the maternal, fetal, and placental modifications, making it more complex. In this review, we try to unveil the effect of smoking-induced maternal changes on the maternal immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways and their impact on fetal growth.
“…Another study found an acute 76% increase in the pulsatile index (PI) of the umbilical artery after maternal smoking [53] . However, other studies found no effect on blood flow, velocity, diameter, and the systolic/diastolic ratio, PI, and refractive index in the uteroplacental or fetal blood vessels [54] . This may indicate that the PMSE effects on placental vasculature are not consistent among smoking mothers.…”
Perinatal maternal smoking exposure (PMSE) is one of the major environmental risk factors encountered by the fetus. PMSE is usually associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes that may manifest at different stages of life. Nevertheless, fetal growth restriction is the most common smoking-induced side effect. PMSE induces changes in the maternal multiple organ systems. These alterations may affect placentation, which subsequently affects fetal growth. It is worthy to note, however, that the extent of maternal smoking-induced changes depends mainly on the maternal level of susceptibility. Hence, the perinatal pregnancy outcomes vary depending on the interaction between the triad: the maternal, fetal, and placental modifications, making it more complex. In this review, we try to unveil the effect of smoking-induced maternal changes on the maternal immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways and their impact on fetal growth.
“…As mulheres caracterizam grupo social de relevância para estudos sobre o uso de substâncias psicoativas por haver provável expansão dos indicadores de consumo e dos problemas decorrentes do consumo de substâncias psicoativas nesta população 5 , por estarem cada vez mais presentes em estudos que têm por base populações de sujeitos em tratamento por problemas com substâncias psicoativas 16,17 e pela interface que estes campos de estudos mantêm com áreas como a dos estudos em saúde materno-infantil 18,19,20 .…”
“…Fetal heart rate is also increased. There is concomitant reduction in the blood flow of uterine artery and umbilical artery 6,7 . Nicotine also impairs placental transfer of amino acids and affects fetal brain development which may cause fetal hypoxia and growth retardation 8.9 .…”
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.