Acute effects of a single exercise class on appetite, energy intake and mood. Is there a time of day effect?

Maraki, Maria I.; Tsofliou, Fotini; Pitsiladis, Yannis; Malkova, Dalia; Mutrie, Nanette; Higgins, S.

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.07.005

Cited by 77 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, it has been reported that exercise in the evening may be more acceptable and tolerable than exercise in the morning (69) , suggesting that this may be a more preferable time to exercise for those exercising for weight management. Therefore, it would be of interest to determine whether the detrimental effect of breakfast omission on exercise performance is exclusive to the morning, or whether these effects continue throughout the day.…”

Section: Effect Of Breakfast On Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Clayton

James

2015

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management. Breakfast skipping: Satiety: Gut hormonesOverweight and obesity are defined as a BMI of 25-29·9 and >30 kg/m 2 , respectively, and are positively associated with several chronic diseases, representing a substantial health and economic burden on society (1,2) . Obesity is a growing concern with the worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubling between 1980 and 2008 (3) . It has also been shown that BMI increases continuously throughout adulthood (4) suggesting that longterm behavioural changes are required to curtail this pattern of weight gain. This necessitates the study of both lean and overweight populations, to ensure that dietary interventions are applicable for both reducing BMI in overweight and obese populations, and preventing the increase of BMI in lean populations.Breakfast can be defined as the first meal of the day, consumed within 2 h of waking, before commencing daily activities, and has been suggested to contain 20-35 % of daily estimated energy requirements (5) . Breakfast has long been considered an integral part of a healthy balanced diet (6) . This is partly due to associations in the literature that show individuals who regularly omit breakfast have a higher BMI (7,8) and increased prevalence of obesity-related chronic diseases (5) , including type-2 diabetes (9) and CHD (10) . Despite this, brea...

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Section: Effect Of Breakfast On Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Clayton

James

2015

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…Such diversity has also been described with regards to the acute influence of exercise on energy intake (Blundell & King, 1999;Maraki et al, 2005). The inconsistency in findings likely reflects dissimilarity in study protocols and participant characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Influence of prolonged treadmill running on appetite, energy intake and circulating concentrations of acylated ghrelin

et al. 2010

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• NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in the journal, Appetite. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Abstract: The effects of prolonged treadmill running on appetite, energy intake and acylated ghrelin (an appetite stimulating hormone) were examined in 9 healthy males over the course of 24 h. Participants completed 2 experimental trials (exercise and control) in a randomised -crossover fashion. In the exercise trial participants ran for 90 min at 68.8 ± 0.8% of maximum oxygen uptake followed by 8.5 h of rest. Participants returned to the laboratory on the following morning to provide a fasting blood sample and ratings of appetite (24 h measurement). No exercise was performed on the control trial. Appetite was measured within the laboratory using visual analogue scales and energy intake was assessed from ad libitum buffet meals. Acylated ghrelin was determined from plasma using an ELISA assay. Exercise transiently suppressed appetite and acylated ghrelin but each remained no different from control values in the hours afterwards. Furthermore, despite participants expending 5324 kJ during exercise there was no compensatory increase in energy intake (24 h energy intake; control 17191 kJ, exercise 17606 kJ). These findings suggest that large energy deficits induced by exercise do not lead to acute compensatory responses in appetite, energy intake or acylated ghrelin.Professor H.R Bertoud Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA USA Dear Professor Berthold, Thank you for inviting us to re-submit our paper to be considered for publication in Appetite. We have carefully considered the comments from the reviewers and have formulated responses to the points raised. Our responses, and the necessary changes (highlighted in yellow) are included within the revised document. We thank you once more for considering our manuscript and we look forward to hearing from you in due course. We thank each reviewers for reading our paper and for their constructive comments. We feel that we can adequately address the issues raised by each reviewer therefore, in an effort to do so, below we have listed the comments from each reviewer followed by our responses. Reviewer # 1 comment 1Studies on exercise and compensation in the short term have already taken place and have shown no compensation in energy intake once REI is calculated; therefore what is the rationale for undertaking this study, and for the particular hypothesis? Response to comment of the reviewerReviewer #1 is quite right, studies to date have shown no compensation in energy intake after accounting for relative energy intake (REI). However, previous studies have not induced such a large energy deficit during a single bout of exercise. Moreover, previous studies have not examined appetite and energy intak...

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“…Studies have also reported that post-exercise energy intake is related to substrate metabolism during exercise, such that increased fat oxidation during exercise has been associated with significantly lower post-exercise energy intake [7,8]. Despite this, exercise has also been reported to enhance an individual's desire to compensate for the energy expended [9] as well as manipulating the sensitivity of satiety signals [10] whereby hunger and food palatability following exercise are increased [11]. Despite these findings, the influence of nutritional status on appetite regulation and energy intake following exercise is not entirely understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Galactose Ingestion Before and During Exercise on Substrate Oxidation, Postexercise Satiety, and Subsequent Energy Intake in Females

Duckworth

Backhouse

O’Hara

et al. 2015

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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Abbreviations CHO = carbohydrate, GLU = glucose, GAL = galactose, PLA = placebo, GI = glycemic index, FFA = free fatty acid, EE = energy expenditure, TEE = total energy expenditure, AUC = area under the curve. 2 AbstractObjective: To examine the effects of consuming a galactose carbohydrate (CHO) drink on substrate oxidation, post-exercise satiety and subsequent energy intake. Methods:Nine recreationally active eumenorrheic females undertook three trials, each consisting of running for 60-minutes at 65% VO 2peak followed immediately by a 90-minute rest period. Prior to (300 ml) and at every 15 minutes during exercise (150 ml), participants consumed either a glucose (GLU: GI 89) or galactose (GAL: GI 20) drink each containing 45g of CHO, or an artificially-sweetened placebo (PLA). Following the rest period, participants were provided with an ad-libitum test lunch and asked to record food intake for the remainder of the day.Results: Plasma glucose was significantly greater throughout exercise and rest following the GLU trial compared with the GAL and PLA trials (P<0.05), however there were no differences in CHO oxidation. Hunger was significantly lower (P<0.05) throughout the GAL compared to the GLU and PLA trials. There were no significant differences between trials for energy intake during the post-exercise meal. Overall net energy balance for the 24-hours was negative in both the GAL (-162±115 kcal; P<0.05 vs. GLU) and PLA trials (-49±160 kcal). Conclusions:Results demonstrate that ingesting a solution containing galactose before and during exercise can positively impact post-exercise satiety and energy balance throughout the day, compared to a more readily available and widely consumed form of CHO. Despite this, there appears to be no apparent benefit in consuming a CHO beverage on fuel utilization for this moderate exercise intensity and duration.

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Acute effects of a single exercise class on appetite, energy intake and mood. Is there a time of day effect?

Cited by 77 publications

References 30 publications

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Influence of prolonged treadmill running on appetite, energy intake and circulating concentrations of acylated ghrelin

Effect of Galactose Ingestion Before and During Exercise on Substrate Oxidation, Postexercise Satiety, and Subsequent Energy Intake in Females

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