Acute Dissociative Responses in Law Enforcement Officers Involved in Critical Shooting Incidents: The Clinical and Forensic Implications

Rivard, Julie; Dietz, Park Elliott; Martell, Daniel A.; Widawski, Mel H.

doi:10.1520/jfs15504j

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Repeated exposure to critical incidents has been shown to contribute to the development of PTSD (Carlier, Lamberts, & Gersons, ; Rivard, Dietz, Martell, & Widawski, ; Sims & Sims, ; Stephens & Miller, ). Stress‐related symptoms may place officers at particular risk of work‐related dysfunction, resulting in early retirements or resignations.…”

Section: Post‐traumatic Stress Disordermentioning

confidence: 97%

Psychiatric Disability in Law Enforcement Officers

Price

2017

Behavioral Sci & The Law

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Law enforcement officers all across the world are exposed to violence, confrontation, and traumatic incidents. They regularly witness death and suffering and are at risk of personal injury. Psychiatric sequelae include an increased risk for trauma-related symptoms, depression, alcohol-use disorders, and stress-related medical conditions. Law enforcement officers have been applying for early disability retirement pensions at an increased rate for stress-related psychiatric and medical conditions. As a result, law enforcement agencies are prematurely losing valuable resources, officers with training and experience. Departments have become proactive in trying to address mental health issues to prevent psychiatric disability by implementing employee wellness plans and stress reduction interventions. Programs have been developed to mitigate the effects of stress on law enforcement personnel. Many law enforcement agencies have developed strategies to encourage early confidential referral for psychiatric treatment. They utilize peer support groups and employee assistance programs and develop alliances with mental health professionals. When these approaches fail, a fitness for duty process can be used to identify impairment in work functioning due to psychiatric factors with the prospect of later returning the officer to full duty. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Post‐traumatic Stress Disordermentioning

confidence: 97%

Psychiatric Disability in Law Enforcement Officers

Price

2017

Behavioral Sci & The Law

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“…Police Officers, too, are frequently involved in high-stress and potentially life-threatening situations, including being on scene or investigating homicides, robberies and other acts of physical aggression, where their own presence poses a threat of injury or death (Carlier et al 2000; Rivard et al 2002). Current research indicates that the prevalence of PTSD in this group ranges from 2.7% to 13.0% (Carlier et al 1997; Marmar et al 1999; McFarlane and Bookless 2001; Rivard et al 2002; Robinson et al 1997).…”

Section: Can First Responders Help Us To Understand the Impact Of Fammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current research indicates that the prevalence of PTSD in this group ranges from 2.7% to 13.0% (Carlier et al 1997; Marmar et al 1999; McFarlane and Bookless 2001; Rivard et al 2002; Robinson et al 1997). They also tend to suffer from sleep disturbances (Mohr et al 2003), and alcohol use or abuse (Lester 1993; McCafferty et al 1992; Nordlicht 1979; Richmond et al 1998).…”

Section: Can First Responders Help Us To Understand the Impact Of Fammentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental Exposure to Mass Violence and Child Mental Health: The First Responder and WTC Evacuee Study

Hoven

Duarte

et al. 2009

Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev

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Children’s reactions after being exposed to mass violence may be influenced by a spectrum of factors. Relatively unexplored is the extent to which family exposure to mass violence may affect child mental health, even when these children have not been directly exposed. In a representative sample of NYC public school children assessed 6 months after the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center (WTC), seemingly elevated rates of psychopathology were recorded among children of WTC evacuees. Children of NYC First Responders (police officers, EMTs, and fire fighters) displayed a complex pattern of response to the WTC attack. Overall, the findings from this previous study support putative transmission of trauma to children whose parents were exposed to the WTC attack. The “Children of First Responder and WTC Evacuee Study”—a two-site longitudinal study—is currently underway in the United States (New York City) and in Israel (Tel Aviv area) in an effort to understand the impact of different patterns of mass violence. The NYC sample permits us to examine the impact of a rare instance of mass violence (e.g., WTC attack), while the Israeli sample provides information about repeated and frequent exposure to mass violence brought about by acts of terrorism. In addition, children’s exposure to mass violence is considered in the context of their exposure to other potentially traumatic events. This study aims to improve our general understanding of the impact of mass violence on children, especially the psychological effects on children whose parents’ work experiences are by nature stressful. Knowledge generated by this study has implications for guiding efforts to meet the needs of children who have, directly or through a family member, been subjected to rare or infrequent mass violent event as well as to children whose exposure to mass violence is part of daily life.

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“…1 Over the course of their careers, many police officers experience traumatic events that result in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or they endure traumatic experiences that accumulate and manifest in delayed-onset PTSD upon reaching some threshold. Our clinical experience finds that, without complete recovery, these officers experience diminished ability to manage the chronic stressors and dangers inherent in their jobs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High–Resolution Brain SPECT Imaging and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Police Officers With PTSD

Lansing¹,

Amen²,

Hanks³

et al. 2005

JNP

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Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been shown to be an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, the authors evaluated the effectiveness and physiological effects of EMDR in police officers involved with on-duty shootings and who had PTSD. Six police officers involved with on-duty shootings and subsequent delayed-onset PTSD were evaluated with standard measures, the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, and high-resolution brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging before and after treatment. All police officers showed clinical improvement and marked reductions in the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale Score (PDS). In addition, there were decreases in the left and right occipital lobe, left parietal lobe, and right precentral frontal lobe as well as significant increased perfusion in the left inferior frontal gyrus. In our study EMDR was an effective treatment for PTSD in this police officer group, showing both clinical and brain imaging changes.

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Acute Dissociative Responses in Law Enforcement Officers Involved in Critical Shooting Incidents: The Clinical and Forensic Implications

Cited by 28 publications

References 34 publications

Psychiatric Disability in Law Enforcement Officers

Psychiatric Disability in Law Enforcement Officers

Parental Exposure to Mass Violence and Child Mental Health: The First Responder and WTC Evacuee Study

High–Resolution Brain SPECT Imaging and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Police Officers With PTSD

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