Acute biochemical and physiological responses to swimming training series performed at intensities based on the 400-m front crawl speed

Franken, Marcos; Mazzola, Priscila Nicolao; Dutra-Filho, Carlos Severo; Castro, Flávio Antônio de Souza

doi:10.1007/s11332-018-0472-z

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Before the trials, the participants took part in three to five sessions to become familiar with the snorkel, visual pacer, and aquatic metronome [21,22]. Following a standard 800 m warm-up, participants performed a maximal 400-m front crawl test (T400; in-water start and open turns).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the CSTT, swimming speed was controlled using an underwater visual pacer with flashing lights, regulated by specific software (resolution of 0.01 m • s -1 ), as previously described [22]. A swimmer's inability to keep up with the flashing lights was considered the criterion for the occurrence of exhaustion and subsequent suspension of the test.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manipulation of Stroke Rate in Swimming: Effects on Oxygen Uptake Kinetics

et al. 2022

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The study aimed to assess the effect of different front crawl stroke rates (SR) in the oxygen uptake (V̇O2) kinetics and V̇O2 peak, the total time to exhaustion (TTE), and blood lactate concentration ([La]) at 95% of the 400-m front crawl test (T400) mean speed (S400). Twelve endurance swimmers performed a T400 and four trials at 95% of the S400: (i) free SR, (ii) fixed SR (100% of the average free SR trial), (iii) reduced SR (90% of the average free SR trial), and (iv) increased SR (110% of the average free SR trial). V̇O2 was accessed continuously with breath-by-breath analysis. The results highlighted: (i) the time constant at increased SR (13.3 ± 4.2 s) was lower than in reduced the SR condition (19.5 ± 2.6 s); (ii) the amplitude of the primary phase of V̇O2 kinetics in the fixed SR (44.0 ± 5.8 ml·kg-1·min-1) was higher than in the increased SR condition (39.5 ± 6.4 ml·kg-1·min-1); and (iii) TTE was lower in the fixed SR (396.1 ± 189.7 s) than the increased SR condition (743.0 ± 340.0 s). The results indicate that controlled SR could be considered a swimming training strategy, focusing on physiological parameters overload.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulation of Stroke Rate in Swimming: Effects on Oxygen Uptake Kinetics

et al. 2022

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“…In swimming, the workouts are dominated by the aerobic ergogenesis; the water in the swimming pool imposes a series of adaptive processes (e.g., Drăgan, 2002). The specialists focused also on the following matters: the acute biochemical and physiological responses to swimming training series performed at intensities based on the 400-m freestyle speed (e.g., Franken et al, 2018); the determination of the effect of 12 weeks of training on the critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state of elite swimmers (e.g., Machado et al, 2011); the classification, identification and follow-up of young swimmers' performance; the biomechanical determinants during two competitive seasons; the analysis of the individual variations in each swimmer (e.g., Morais et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particularities of the changes in young swimmers’ body adaptation to the stimuli of physical and mental stress in sports training process

Mihailescu

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MIHĂILESCU

et al. 2021

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Background A factor favoring the swimming performance increase is the adaptation and readaptation of body energetic and functional systems to the physical and mental stress stimuli in training and competitions. The efficiency of monitoring the young swimmers’ training is based on a precise determination of the changes in the specific adaptations. The evaluation and control of the biochemical, mental and motor changes ensure the knowledge of the particularities of body adaptation in different training stages. Methods Six young swimmers aged 12–16 years specialized in 100 m event participated in this study, conducted in four stages (E1–general, E2–specific, E3–pre-competitive and E4–competitive). The distress occurrence during adaptation to training and competition stimuli was studied in 3 levels: mental (Cohen & Williamson Test (CWT), Cohen Perceived Stress Test (CPST), Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), Crăciun Test (CT)), motor (workouts monitoring, planning of means on training areas, anaerobic threshold assessment and average training speed calculation) and biochemical (blood lactate (La) and blood glucose (Glu) before and after effort—5 and 15 minutes; level of metabolic biochemical parameters, lymphocytes and blood glucose, and also hormonal parameters—norepinephrine, prolactin and cortisol—before and after competition effort). Results Quantity results of the mental, motor and biochemical tests were analyzed in groups; the quality results for each subject in dynamics were analyzed by comparison and correlation. Psychological tests showed increases in athletes’ mental behavior by 34% at CWT (p < 0.05), by 37.5% at CPST (p < 0.05), average stress level at SCAT and 70% stress in self-confidence at CT (p < 0.01). Biochemical tests revealed an ascending dynamics of La accumulated after specific effort, with peaks in E2 period (p < 0.05) and decreases in E3 compared to E2 (p < 0.05), revealing the adaptation to specific effort and the increase in anaerobic capacity. The Glu values decrease in pre-effort and increase in minute 5 and 15 post-effort (p < 0.05) in E2 and decrease in pre- and post- effort in E3 (p < 0.05), showing the effort impact on body and ability to recover after effort. Athletes’ individual metabolic results were 50% above maximum values, mainly post-effort (42%); hormonal results were 17% over maximum values, mainly post-effort (14%). Spearman’s correlative analysis of the induced-stress stimuli in workouts revealed 6.06% significant correlations at p < 0.05 and 9.1% strong connections in competitions: 4.67% significant correlations at p < 0.05 and 6.4% strong connections. Conclusion The research demonstrated that the mental and biochemical tests results correlation with the specific motor tests facilitated the correct individualization of effort orientation in training and recovery and contributed to the knowledge of the particularities of young swimmers’ body adaptation to training and competition effort.

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