Acute aquatic toxicity studies of Gulf of Mexico water samples collected following the Deepwater Horizon incident (May 12, 2010 to December 11, 2010)

Exposure of sea bream (Sparus aurata) to toxic concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene: possible human health effect

“…These data confirm that aquatic organisms are able to accumulate PAHs, although in a species-dependent way (Ramalhosa et al, 2012;Gomes et al, 2013). In particular, fishes possess a marked capability to metabolize these contaminants (Ortiz-Delgado et al, (Echols et al, 2015), were considerably higher than the actual regulatory limits established by the European Union for the other before mentioned products (2 μg/kg for smoked fish, smoked fishery products and smoked crustaceans; 5 μg/kg for smoked sprats; 6 μg/kg for bivalve mollusks); furthermore, the detected levels were higher than the health Levels of Concern (LOC) for B [a] P in finfish (35 μg/kg, wet weight) established jointly by NOAA/ FDA/Gulf Coast states under the protocol to reopen state and federal waters following the Deepwater Horizon blowout (U.S. FDA. 2010; Xia et al, 2012).…”

A multiple endpoint analysis of the effects of chronic exposure to sediment contaminated with Deepwater Horizon oil on juvenile Southern flounder and their associated microbiomes

“…The effects of the DWH oil spill have impacted flora and fauna at multiple biological levels, including marine mammals (Schwacke et al, 2013; Wise and and J. P. Wise, 2014), fishes (Brewton et al, 2013;Brown-Peterson, 2014;Dubansky et al, 2013;Echols et al, 2015), invertebrates (Carmichael et al, 2012;Echols et al, 2015;Goodbody-Gringley et al, 2013;McCall and Pennings, 2012), and gelatinous zooplankton (Almeda et al, 2013) to microbial food webs (Ortmann et al, 2012) and salt marsh vegetation (Silliman et al, 2012). Many of these studies have focused on exposure to oil in the water column, either through collections of specimens directly from the environment or in experimental exposures to a water accommodated fraction (WAF) of oil.…”

Physical and Chemical Characterization of Crude Oil-Water Mixtures: Understanding the Effects of Interfacial Process to Chemical Bioavailability

“…Some of these parameters consist of the following: (1 (Nordtug et al, 2011a) to high-energy water accommodated fractions (HEWAFs) created by manual or mechanical mixing (Carls et al, 2008;Echols et al, 2015).…”