Acute Anemia and Myocardial Infarction

Abstract

Various studies have established the prognosis of anemia in myocardial infarction (MI). Both chronic and acute anemia lead to poor outcomes in MI. Regardless, the association of anemia with MI and its management varies. In this study, the literature was analyzed to determine the association between acute anemia and MI based on the pathophysiology, outcomes, and management options. Acute anemia results in decreased blood supply and sudden hypoxia to the heart. Additionally, it exacerbates the preexisting compromised coronary blood supply in patients with MI. Thus, there is a disproportionate oxygen supply and demand ratio to the heart. It was found that anemia increases all-cause mortality in acute MI. However, it is unclear whether anemia is the direct contributor to mortality in these patients. For the management of MI, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is commonly used. Increased incidence of hospital-acquired anemia (HAA) is reported in patients after PCI. However, the cause of HAA in these patients is not well established. Antiplatelet therapy in these patients is also considered to be the culprit for HAA. Nonetheless, no clear evidence is available. There is no consensus or criteria for the treatment of acute anemia in MI patients. Researchers have explored management options such as blood transfusion, erythropoietin-stimulating agent, and iron therapy. Further studies are warranted for a better understanding and management of MI in patients with anemia and vice versa.

The evaluation of red cell distribution width in type 2 diabetic patients with acute ST- segment elevation myocardial infarction in Erbil city: a cross sectional study

“…Thus, there is a disproportionate oxygen supply and demand ratio to the heart. It was found that anemia increases all-cause mortality in acute MI [25]. In the present study, the CK-MB and the troponin T hs levels were significantly increased in diabetic patients with high RDW levels.…”

A cross-sectional study determining prevalence and factors associated with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in Iran: results from fasa registry on acute myocardial infarction (FaRMI)

“…Anemia is a medical condition generally identified by a decrease in the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. This condition can worsen the imbalance between the demand and supply of oxygen in the heart muscle, increasing the likelihood of experiencing an MI [ 40 ]. Additional research is necessary to clarify the underlying mechanisms that connect anemia with the risk of MI.…”

Long‐Term Exposure to Ambient PM 2.5 and Hospitalizations for Myocardial Infarction Among US Residents: A Difference‐in‐Differences Analysis

“…The strongest effect of IDA may be due to stimulated oxidative stress, decreased blood supply, myocardial hypoxia, and the close interplay of the outcomes. 92 , 93 Additionally, we assume the intake of psychotropic medications may exacerbate the susceptibility because they are known to cause undesirable cardiometabolic effects. 94 , 95 A much lower chance of adherence to cardiovascular disease medication and health care‐seeking behaviors to prevent physical illness among many patients with psychiatric disorders (especially those with severe mental illness) might also contribute to an increased risk of MI events.…”