Acute and Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity of n-Octane in Rats

Sung, Jae Hyuck; Choi, Byung-Gil; Kim, Hyeon Yeong; Baek, Min Won; Ryu, Hyun Youl; Kim, Yong Soon; Choi, Young Kuk; Yu, Il Je; Song, Kyung Seuk

doi:10.5491/shaw.2010.1.2.192

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…There is evidence of a dose-response relationship in five or six of the plots (Lakmichi [14] , Sung [15] , Matulka [18] , Johnson [19] , Seo [13] and possibly Sireeratawong [17] ). Budin [16] , Kim [11] and Pucaj [12] seem to not to show a dose-response relationship.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Extended Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Using Standardised Effect Sizes (SESs): A Comparison of Nine Published Papers

Festing

2014

PLoS ONE

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The safety of chemicals, drugs, novel foods and genetically modified crops is often tested using repeat-dose sub-acute toxicity tests in rats or mice. It is important to avoid misinterpretations of the results as these tests are used to help determine safe exposure levels in humans. Treated and control groups are compared for a range of haematological, biochemical and other biomarkers which may indicate tissue damage or other adverse effects. However, the statistical analysis and presentation of such data poses problems due to the large number of statistical tests which are involved. Often, it is not clear whether a “statistically significant” effect is real or a false positive (type I error) due to sampling variation. The author's conclusions appear to be reached somewhat subjectively by the pattern of statistical significances, discounting those which they judge to be type I errors and ignoring any biomarker where the p-value is greater than p = 0.05. However, by using standardised effect sizes (SESs) a range of graphical methods and an over-all assessment of the mean absolute response can be made. The approach is an extension, not a replacement of existing methods. It is intended to assist toxicologists and regulators in the interpretation of the results. Here, the SES analysis has been applied to data from nine published sub-acute toxicity tests in order to compare the findings with those of the author's. Line plots, box plots and bar plots show the pattern of response. Dose-response relationships are easily seen. A “bootstrap” test compares the mean absolute differences across dose groups. In four out of seven papers where the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was estimated by the authors, it was set too high according to the bootstrap test, suggesting that possible toxicity is under-estimated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sung et al Rats were exposed to n-octane by inhalation at 0, 0.93, 2.62 and 7.48 mg/L [15] . No significant clinical or histo-pathological differences effects were observed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Extended Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Using Standardised Effect Sizes (SESs): A Comparison of Nine Published Papers

Festing

2014

PLoS ONE

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“…acids in the shells of sweet cassava was not observed. Despite the existence of n-octane, being considered a toxic compound, according to [37], [40], the profile found did not cause toxic effect for the fungi T. harzianum, because the spores germinated well in SC.…”

Section: Ba -Bacuri; Sc -Sweet Cassavamentioning

confidence: 91%

Characterization and Evaluation of Agro-industrial Residues of Bacuri (Platonia Insignis Mart.) and Sweet Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) in the Production of 6pentyl-α-pyrone by Solid State Fermentation

Nascimento

2023

Preprint

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SUMMARY The 6 pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) is a natural aroma, with a coconut smell, obtained by fermentation processes with fungi of the genus Trichoderma. The objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional potential of bacuri bark and sweet cassava peels in the production of coconut bioaroma through solid state fermentation (SSF). To this end, analyses of physicochemical characterization, antimicrobial, volatile, surface, and composition activities were performed, including lignocellulosic profile, among others. The fermentations were conducted under humidification conditions with water, nutrient solution without additive and nutrient solutions with glucose or sucrose during 9 days. The quantification of aroma compounds was performed by gas chromatography, aided by solid phase microextraction. The results showed that there was inhibition of fungal growth in the bacuri residue motivated by the presence of inhibitory compounds, especially resin. The residues of sweet cassava, with a high percentage of starch, were favorable to microbial growth, however, the quantification of the bioaroma presented values below 7.0 ppm. Therefore, strategies to increase this production were necessary and the use of sweet cassava bark as a solid supplement, mixed with bacuri residue, was satisfactory reaching concentrations of 26.43±5.72ppm in the presence of nutrient solution with glucose; 42± 6.8ppm with nutrient solution only; 142±2.46 ppm only with distilled water and 202.46±1.30 ppm with sucrose nutrient solution, showing the efficiency of the mixture for fungal development conditions and also for aroma production.

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“…Bis zur höchsten Konzentration wurden keine Effekte festgestellt. Damit liegt die NOAEC für lokale Effekte höher als 1600 ml n-Octan/m 3 (Sung et al 2010). …”

Section: Lokale Reizeffekteunclassified

“…Damit liegt die NOAEC für systemische Effekte höher als 1600 ml n-Octan/m 3 (s. Abschnitt Lokale Effekte; Sung et al 2010). Die typischerweise durch verzweigte Kohlenwasserstoffe hervorgerufenen Lebereffekte, wie die Induktion metabolisierender Leberenzyme und die Lebergewichtserhöhung, werden, wie oben beschrieben, durch die anderen verzweigten C8-Alkane abgedeckt.…”

Section: Effekte Auf Leber Und Nierenunclassified

Trimethylpentan (alle Isomere) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]

Hartwig

2017

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated trimethylpentane (all isomers) [ 564‐02‐3 , 540‐84‐1 , 560‐21‐4 , 565‐75‐3 ] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. The re‐examination determined that it is difficult to draw final conclusions from a carcinogenicity study of a mixture of 542 hydrocarbons and from mechanistical studies with some of their single components. Thus, the assignment to Carcinogen Category 3 A has been withdrawn. The critical effect is the acute effect on the central nervous system in rats. The NOAEC after 60 min inhalation is 500 ml 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane/m 3 . Experimental data from structurally analogous n‐alkanes and iso‐alkanes lead to the assumption that the concentration of 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane in the brain after 8 hours will be about twice as high as after one hour. The short half‐life in the brain, estimated to be about one hour, does not predict an accumulation during the work week. The same assumptions are made for the other trimethylpentane isomers. Thus, taking into consideration uncertainties in the extrapolation of animal to human data, a MAK value of 100 ml/m 3 (470 mg/m 3 ) is set for all trimethylpentane isomers. As the critical effect is systemic, trimethylpentane isomers are assigned to Peak Limitation Category II. The excursion factor of 2 is set as the estimated half‐life in the brain is one hour. Prenatal developmental toxicity studies with trimethylpentane isomers are not available. For structurally analogous C8‐isoalkanes the NOAEC for developmental toxicity in rats is more than 1200 ml/m 3 . Acute neurotoxicity is critical, but the consequences of acute neurotoxic effects on in‐utero development of the nervous system are not known and studies on developmental neurotoxicity of C8‐alkanes are not available. Thus, trimethylpentane isomers are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group D. There are no clinical data and no data in animals concerning the sensitizing potential of trimethylpentane isomers. In analogy to n‐heptane, skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.

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Acute and Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity of n-Octane in Rats

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

The Extended Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Using Standardised Effect Sizes (SESs): A Comparison of Nine Published Papers

The Extended Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Using Standardised Effect Sizes (SESs): A Comparison of Nine Published Papers

Characterization and Evaluation of Agro-industrial Residues of Bacuri (Platonia Insignis Mart.) and Sweet Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) in the Production of 6pentyl-α-pyrone by Solid State Fermentation

Trimethylpentan (alle Isomere) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]

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