Acute and repeated impact of sweeteners and sweetness enhancers in solid and semi-solid foods on appetite: protocol for a multicentre, cross-over, RCT in people with overweight/obesity – the SWEET Project

Gibbons, Catherine; O'Hara, Beverley; O'Connor, Dominic; Hardman, Charlotte A.; Wilton, Moon; Harrold, Joanne A.; Almíron-Roig, Eva; Navas-Carretero, Santiago; Hodgkins, Charo; Nazare, Julie Anne; Alligier, Maud; Martínéz, J. Alfredo; Scott, Corey; Kjølbæk, Louise; Normand, Mie; Rannou, Cécile; Blaak, Ellen E.; Feskens, Edith J. M.; Moshoyiannis, Hariklia; Raben, Anne; Halford, Jason C. G.; Beaulieu, Kristine; Finlayson, Graham

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063903

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 42 publications

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“…v. water). The status of these trials was reported (per 13 February 2024) to be 'completed' (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT05010408, NCT04609657 and NCT04226911 (44) ), or with estimated completion dates in 2023 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04633681 (45) ), 2024 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT02591134 (46,47) , NCT04816955 (48) , NCT05672017, NCT04497974 (49) , NCT05684757 and NCT05932329) or 2025 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT04567108 and NCT04079855). Most of the studies have exposure durations of several weeks or months and include only adult participants.…”

Section: Ongoing (Registered) Trials and Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does sweetness exposure drive ‘sweet tooth’?

Mela,

Risso

2024

Br J Nutr

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It is widely believed that exposure to sweetened foods and beverages stimulates the liking and desire for sweetness. Here we provide an updated review of the empirical evidence from human research examining whether exposure to sweet foods or beverages influences subsequent general liking for sweetness (“sweet tooth”), based on the conclusions of existing systematic reviews and more recent research identified from a structured search of literature. Prior reviews have concluded that the evidence for a relationship between sweet taste exposure and measures of sweet taste liking is equivocal, and more recent primary research generally does not support the view that exposure drives increased liking for sweetness, in adults or children. In intervention trials using a range of designs, acute exposure to sweetness usually has the opposite effect (reducing subsequent liking and desire for sweet taste), while sustained exposures have no significant effects, or inconsistent effects. Recent longitudinal observational studies in infants and children also report no significant associations of exposures to sweet foods and beverages with measures of sweet taste preferences. Overall, while it is widely assumed that exposure to sweetness stimulates a greater liking and desire for sweetness, this is not borne out by the balance of empirical evidence. While new research may provide a more robust evidence base, there are also a number of methodological, biological and behavioural considerations that may underpin the apparent absence of a positive relationship between sweetness exposure and liking.

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Section: Ongoing (Registered) Trials and Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does sweetness exposure drive ‘sweet tooth’?

Mela,

Risso

2024

Br J Nutr

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Acute and two-week effects of neotame, stevia rebaudioside M and sucrose-sweetened biscuits on postprandial appetite and endocrine response in adults with overweight/obesity—a randomised crossover trial from the SWEET consortium

Gibbons,

Beaulieu,

Almiron-Roig

et al. 2024

eBioMedicine

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Comparing body composition between the sweet-liking phenotypes: experimental data, systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis

Armitage,

Iatridi,

Sladekova

et al. 2024

Int J Obes

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Background Legislation aimed at reducing sugar intake assumes that sweet-liking drives overconsumption. However, evidence that a greater liking for sweet taste is associated with unhealthier body size is mixed and complicated by relatively small samples, an overreliance on body mass index (BMI) and lack of classification using sweet-liking phenotypes. Methods We first examined body size data in two larger samples with sweet-liking phenotyping: extreme sweet-likers, moderate sweet-likers and sweet-dislikers. Adults (18-34yrs), attended a two-session lab-based experiment involving phenotyping for sweet-liking status and a bioelectrical impedance body composition measurement (Experiment One: N = 200; Experiment Two: N = 314). Secondly, we conducted an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis: systematic searches across four databases identified 5736 potential articles. Of these, 53 papers met our search criteria: a taste assessment that measured liking using sucrose (>13.7% w/v), which allowed sweet-liking phenotyping and included either BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), fat-free mass (FFM) or waist-circumference. Results A significant effect of sweet-liking phenotype on FFM was found in both Experiment One and Two, with extreme sweet-likers having significantly higher FFM than sweet-dislikers. In Experiment One, sweet-dislikers had a significantly higher BF% than extreme sweet-likers and moderate sweet-likers. However, as these data are from one research group in a young, predominantly westernised population, and the results did not perfectly replicate, we conducted the IPD meta-analyses to further clarify the findings. Robust one-stage IPD meta-analyses of 15 studies controlling for sex revealed no significant differences in BF% (n = 1836) or waist-circumference (n = 706). For BMI (n = 2368), moderate sweet-likers had slightly lower BMI than extreme sweet-likers, who had the highest overall BMI. Most interestingly, for FFM (n = 768), moderate sweet-likers and sweet-dislikers showed significantly lower FFM than extreme sweet-likers. Conclusion The higher BMI often seen in sweet-likers may be due to a larger FFM and questions the simple model where sweet liking alone is a risk factor for obesity.

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Acute and repeated impact of sweeteners and sweetness enhancers in solid and semi-solid foods on appetite: protocol for a multicentre, cross-over, RCT in people with overweight/obesity – the SWEET Project

Cited by 3 publications

References 42 publications

Does sweetness exposure drive ‘sweet tooth’?

Does sweetness exposure drive ‘sweet tooth’?

Acute and two-week effects of neotame, stevia rebaudioside M and sucrose-sweetened biscuits on postprandial appetite and endocrine response in adults with overweight/obesity—a randomised crossover trial from the SWEET consortium

Comparing body composition between the sweet-liking phenotypes: experimental data, systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis

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