Acute and longer-term psychological distress associated with testing positive for COVID-19: longitudinal evidence from a population-based study of US adults

Daly, Michael; Robinson, Eric

doi:10.1017/s003329172100324x

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Our study captures a longer follow-up than most of the previous studies among healthcare workers with a considerably larger sample, and it clearly suggests that mental health impact is maintained during the second wave of the pandemic (4 months after the baseline assessment). This finding contrasts with studies in the general population, which show that the high impact at the beginning of the first wave of the pandemic tends to decline after 3–5 weeks of the first wave (Gonzalez-Sanguino et al ., 2020; Daly and Robinson, 2021; Fancourt et al ., 2021; Robinson and Daly, 2021). Nevertheless, some general population studies show a persistently high level of mental health impact through the initial phases of the pandemic (Kikuchi et al ., 2020; McGinty et al ., 2020) while still another study shows that a substantial proportion of the general population maintained high levels of symptoms (McPherson et al ., 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental impact of Covid-19 among Spanish healthcare workers. A large longitudinal survey

Alonso

Vilagut

Alayo

et al. 2022

Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci

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Aims Longitudinal data on the mental health impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic in healthcare workers is limited. We estimated prevalence, incidence and persistence of probable mental disorders in a cohort of Spanish healthcare workers (Covid-19 waves 1 and 2) -and identified associated risk factors. Methods 8996 healthcare workers evaluated on 5 May–7 September 2020 (baseline) were invited to a second web-based survey (October–December 2020). Major depressive disorder (PHQ-8 ≥ 10), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD-7 ≥ 10), panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder (PCL-5 ≥ 7), and alcohol use disorder (CAGE-AID ≥ 2) were assessed. Distal (pre-pandemic) and proximal (pandemic) risk factors were included. We estimated the incidence of probable mental disorders (among those without disorders at baseline) and persistence (among those with disorders at baseline). Logistic regression of individual-level [odds ratios (OR)] and population-level (population attributable risk proportions) associations were estimated, adjusting by all distal risk factors, health care centre and time of baseline interview. Results 4809 healthcare workers participated at four months follow-up (cooperation rate = 65.7%; mean = 120 days s.d. = 22 days from baseline assessment). Follow-up prevalence of any disorder was 41.5%, (v. 45.4% at baseline, p < 0.001); incidence, 19.7% (s.e. = 1.6) and persistence, 67.7% (s.e. = 2.3). Proximal factors showing significant bivariate-adjusted associations with incidence included: work-related factors [prioritising Covid-19 patients (OR = 1.62)], stress factors [personal health-related stress (OR = 1.61)], interpersonal stress (OR = 1.53) and financial factors [significant income loss (OR = 1.37)]. Risk factors associated with persistence were largely similar. Conclusions Our study indicates that the prevalence of probable mental disorders among Spanish healthcare workers during the second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic was similarly high to that after the first wave. This was in good part due to the persistence of mental disorders detected at the baseline, but with a relevant incidence of about 1 in 5 of HCWs without mental disorders during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic. Health-related factors, work-related factors and interpersonal stress are important risks of persistence of mental disorders and of incidence of mental disorders. Adequately addressing these factors might have prevented a considerable amount of mental health impact of the pandemic among this vulnerable population. Addressing health-related stress, work-related factors and interpersonal stress might reduce the prevalence of these disorders substantially. Study registration number: NCT04556565

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental impact of Covid-19 among Spanish healthcare workers. A large longitudinal survey

Alonso

Vilagut

Alayo

et al. 2022

Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci

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“…Some HCW informants in our study perceived that there may be the possibility of user errors, challenges in case reporting, and psychosocial ills following a positive result. While psychosocial harm following notification of a positive COVID-19 test result is also frequent in high-income contexts [21], the under-reporting of positive results has already been documented in Indonesia [22]. It follows from this that the distribution of self-tests cannot achieve a successful outcome without educating the public.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 self-testing, a way to “live side by side with the coronavirus”: Results from a qualitative study in Indonesia

Thomas

Shilton

Thomas

et al. 2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Alongside mass vaccination for COVID-19, sustainable diagnostic strategies for SARS-CoV-2 are needed to empower local communities and help them complement health authorities’ efforts to end the pandemic in low- and middle-income countries. Indonesia is among the nations with an overstretched health system that may benefit from technological innovations, such as rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detection tests for self-testing, to detect asymptomatic cases and interrupt the transmission of the virus to healthy individuals. In mid-2021, we conducted a qualitative research study with the aim of understanding key decision-makers’ values and preferences regarding the implementation of COVID-19 self-testing in Indonesia. This research received ethics approval from the Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya and used a thematic analysis approach to explore the insights expressed by healthcare workers, representatives of civil society, and potential self-testing implementers in three geographies: Jakarta, Banten, and North Sulawesi. Thirty semi-structured interviews and six focus group discussions were carried out. As per the informants’ narratives, the Indonesian public might accept rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detection self-testing as a tool that will enable them to test for COVID-19 at their own convenience. Concerns were expressed that the public might doubt the reliability of self-testing kits if these were not properly regulated and if counterfeit kits were known to be on the market. Fear of stigma, isolation, and clinical care costs were perceived to be among the drivers for self-test users to not report a reactive result. These fears might be mitigated, as per the informants’ opinions, by awareness raising, passing of regulations, and participatory engagement of a range of community actors, such as village officers. Decision-makers consider rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detection self-testing to be a welcomed screening tool that could contribute to ensuring earlier access to treatment and decrease transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Indonesia.

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“…There are relatively few studies that have investigated the long-term effects of contracting COVID-19 on later mental health in individuals in the general population who have not been hospitalised due to COVID. One example is a study using a large US sample that found that testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with an increase in psychological distress (measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)) but levels of distress returned to normal soon after the symptoms lessened 16 . Another study using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, found elevated levels of psychological distress (assessed using the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) up to 7 months after testing for probable COVID-19 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probable COVID-19 infection is associated with subsequent poorer mental health and greater loneliness in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health and Wellbeing study

Wilding

O’Connor

Ferguson

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with psychological distress. In addition to physical effects including fatigue and cognitive impairment, contracting COVID-19 itself may also be related to subsequent negative mental health outcomes. The present study reports data from a longitudinal, national survey of the UK adult population investigating whether contracting suspected or confirmed COVID-19 at the early stages of the pandemic (March–May 2020) was associated with poorer mental health outcomes in May/June 2020, October/November 2020 and June/July 2021. A quota survey design and a sampling frame that permitted recruitment of a national sample (n = 3077) were utilised. Experience of contracting COVID-19 during the first UK lockdown was assessed along with levels of depression, anxiety, mental wellbeing and loneliness. Around 9% of participants reported contracting COVID-19 in March/May 2020 (waves 1–3) with just under 13% of the overall sample reporting COVID-19 at any one of the first three time points. Compared to those without probable COVID-19 infection, participants with probable COVID-19 had poorer mental health outcomes at follow-up with these effects lasting up to 13 months (e.g., May/June 2020:ORdepression = 1.70, p < 0.001; ORanxiety = 1.61, p = 0.002; Oct/Nov 2020, ORdepression = 1.82, p < 0.001; ORanxiety 1.56, p = 0.013; June/July 2021, ORdepression = 2.01, p < 0.001; ORanxiety = 1.67, p = 0.008). Having a pre-existing mental health condition was also associated with greater odds of having probable COVID-19 during the study (OR = 1.31, p = 0.016). The current study demonstrates that contracting probable COVID-19 at the early stage of the pandemic was related to long-lasting associations with mental health and the relationship between mental health status and probable COVID-19 is bidirectional.

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Acute and longer-term psychological distress associated with testing positive for COVID-19: longitudinal evidence from a population-based study of US adults

Cited by 13 publications

References 36 publications

Mental impact of Covid-19 among Spanish healthcare workers. A large longitudinal survey

Mental impact of Covid-19 among Spanish healthcare workers. A large longitudinal survey

COVID-19 self-testing, a way to “live side by side with the coronavirus”: Results from a qualitative study in Indonesia

Probable COVID-19 infection is associated with subsequent poorer mental health and greater loneliness in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health and Wellbeing study

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