Acute and Fatal Herpesvirus Infection in a Young Asian Elephant (<i>Elephas maximus</i>)

Ossent, Pete; Guscetti, Franco; Metzler, A. E.; Lang, Elke; Rübel, Alex; Hauser, B.

doi:10.1177/030098589002700212

Cited by 61 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Post-mortem examination revealed disseminated petechial to ecchymotic haemorrlmge on the trunk, heart, intestines, tongue, oral mucosa, lymph nodes, kidneys, and tendons, as well as a swollen ganglion in the neck region. This illustrates the atypical sub-acute presentation of EEHV (7,9,10). Although EEHV causes an acute fatal hemorrhagic syndrome with an approximate duration of 12-72 hours, there are Only a few other known EEHV cases with a subacute presentation, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Endotheliotropic Elephant Herpes Virus (EEHV) infection. The first PCR‐confirmed fatal case in Asia

Reid¹,

Hildebrandt²,

Marx

et al. 2006

Veterinary Quarterly

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SUMMARYSince 1995, 4 suspected cases of Endotheliotropic Elephant Herpes Virus (EEIIV) infection, i.e. based on clinical presentation, have occurred in Asia without resulting in epidemic outbreaks as expected. In order to confirm the presence of EEHV on the continent of Asia, viral DNA particles from liver samples of a wild-caught 3-year-old elephant found dead at a Cambodian elephant sanctuary and clinically diagnosed with EEHV, were PCR processed using known EEHV strain primers. The presence of EEHV viral nucleic acids was confirmed and the nucleic acids had a 99% sequence similarity to the USA strain (gene bank locus: AF117265) and 97% sequence similarity to the European strain (gene bank locus: AF354746) assigning this case to the EEHV-1 cluster. More than the confirmation of EEHV on the continent of Asia, is the phylogenic relationship to the USA and European strains with no corresponding contact or transport of USA or European elephants to Asia. Thus, this brings many of the traditional theories into question. Although almost forgotten, this disease is still ramped in captive elephant populations worldwide and continues to devastate particularly the neonatal and weaning-age population. Special attention and continued research are needed specifically in the area of basic virology and epidemiology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Endotheliotropic Elephant Herpes Virus (EEHV) infection. The first PCR‐confirmed fatal case in Asia

Reid¹,

Hildebrandt²,

Marx

et al. 2006

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…Mortalities associated with EEHV infection were first reported in Western zoos (Ossent et al, 1990;Richman et al, 1999). Initially, an identical virus to that recovered from dead Asian elephants was also detected in the skin nodules of healthy African elephants (Richman et al, 1999;Richman et al, 2000b;Richman and Hayward, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Molecular characterisation and genetic variation of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus infection in captive young Asian elephants in Thailand

Sripiboon

Jackson

Ditcham

et al. 2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) is emerging as a new threat for elephant conservation, since being identified as the cause of severe, often fatal, haemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants. To describe positive cases and the molecular relatedness of virus detected in elephants in Thailand, we re-examined all available of EEHV samples occurring in young elephants in Thailand between 2006 and 2014 (n = 24). Results indicated 75% (18/24) of suspected cases were positive for EEHV by semi-nested PCR. Further gene analysis identified these positive cases as EEHV1A (72%, 13/18 cases), EEHV1B (11%, 2/18) and EEHV4 (17%, 3/18). This study is the first to phylogenetically analyse and provide an overview of most of the known EEHV cases that have occurred in Thailand. Positive individuals ranged in age from one to nine years, with no sex association detected, and occurred across geographical locations throughout the country. All individuals, except one, were captive-born. No history of direct contact among the cases was recorded, and this together with the fact that various subtype clusters of virus were found, implied that none of the positive cases were epidemiologically related. These results concur with the hypothesis that EEHV1 is likely to be an ancient endogenous pathogen in Asian elephants. It is recommended that active surveillance and routine monitoring for EEHV should be undertaken in all elephant range countries, to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology, transmission and prevention of this disease.

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“…Recently, EEHV1 has been detected in healthy Asian elephants (Hardman et al, 2011;Schaftenaar et al, 2010;Stanton et al, 2010). Until now, EEHV could not be cultured from infected elephants with endothelial disease (Latimer et al, 2011;Ossent et al, 1990;Richman et al, 1999). Hence, virus detection in exposed elephants was attempted mostly by viral genome detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods and serological assay for antibody detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR for detection of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 infection in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

Sariya¹,

Chatsirivech²,

Suksai³

et al. 2012

Journal of Virological Methods

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Acute and Fatal Herpesvirus Infection in a Young Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus)

Cited by 61 publications

References 1 publication

Endotheliotropic Elephant Herpes Virus (EEHV) infection. The first PCR‐confirmed fatal case in Asia

Endotheliotropic Elephant Herpes Virus (EEHV) infection. The first PCR‐confirmed fatal case in Asia

Molecular characterisation and genetic variation of Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus infection in captive young Asian elephants in Thailand

Development of a SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR for detection of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 infection in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

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