Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Soluble Fractions of Industrial Solid Wastes onDaphnia magnaandVibrio fischeri

Abstract

Industrial wastes may produce leachates that can contaminate the aquatic ecosystem. Toxicity testing in acute and chronic levels is essential to assess environmental risks from the soluble fractions of these wastes, since only chemical analysis may not be adequate to classify the hazard of an industrial waste. In this study, ten samples of solid wastes from textile, metal-mechanic, and pulp and paper industries were analyzed by acute and chronic toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri. A metal-mechanic waste (sample MM3) induced the highest toxicity level to Daphnia magna(CE50,48 h = 2.21%). A textile waste induced the highest toxicity level to Vibrio fischeri (sample TX2, CE50,30 min = 12.08%). All samples of pulp and paper wastes, and a textile waste (sample TX2) induced chronic effects on reproduction, length, and longevity of Daphnia magna. These results could serve as an alert about the environmental risks of an inadequate waste classification method.

Toxicological risk assessment of complex mixtures through the Wtox model

“…The results for the D. magna acute and chronic tests and V. fischeri tests are summarized in Table 3, and are expressed as defined for the application in the WTox Model. Details of the results and discussion of these tests can be seen in Flohr et al, (2012a). Among the organisms exposed to samples of the textile industry, it was observed that the sample TX3 induced the highest acute toxicity values both for V. fischeri as to D. magna.…”

“…Each level corresponds to a particular risk classification. For each parameter, ranges of toxicological effect were established from outcome evaluations of researches already undertaken by LABTOX team members (Matias et al, 1998a;Matias et al, 1998b;Carvalho Pinto-Silva et al, 2003Perreault et al, 2011;Melegari et al, 2012;Flohr et al, 2012a;Flohr et al, 2012b),and studies in the available literature (Lambolez et al, 1994;Villegas-Navarro et al, 1999;Knops et al, 2001;Backhaus et al, 1997;Lappaleinen et al, 2001;Ç avas and Ergene-Gozucara, 2003;Rodriguez et al, 2006;Picado et al, 2008;Kang et al, 2010;Kostamo and Kukkonen, 2003;Grinevicius et al, 2009;Ç avas and Ergene-Gözükara, 2005;Avci et al, 2005;Huang et al, 2007).…”

“…Waste sampling was performed according to Flohr et al (2012a). Briefly, ten samples of waste were collected at the entrance of the Industrial and Sanitary Landfill of Blumenau (Blumenau, SC -Brazil).…”

“…D. magna's acute and chronic toxicity tests, and V. fischeri toxicity tests were performed as described in Flohr et al (2012a). Frequency of micronucleus, lipid peroxidation and DNA methylation tests were performed with O. niloticus, as described in Flohr et al (2012b).…”

“…(2001), with modifications, as described in Flohr et al (2012a). Each test was conducted with four sample dilutions, and a negative control (organisms exposed only to M4 medium).…”