Acute and chronic toxicity of T-2 mycotoxin in swine

Weaver, Gillian; Kurtz, H. J.; Bates, Fern; S, M; Mirocha, C. J.; Behrens, J C; Robison, T S

doi:10.1136/vr.103.24.531

Cited by 93 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…Trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, DON and NIV retard growth, albeit in a non-specific manner, and as a consequence of earlier toxic effects such as inhibition of protein synthesis and cell proliferation rather than as a direct mycotoxic effect. T-2 reduced body weight gain in pigs (Weaver et al 1978) and DON and NIV caused growth retardation in mice (Ryu et al 1988, Ohtsubo et al 1989. Reproductive defects in mice caused by trichothecenes include embryo or foetal toxicity caused by T-2 toxin (Rousseaux et al 1986), increased postnatal mortality caused by DON (Khera et al 1984) and intrauterine growth retardation caused by NIV (Ito et al 1988).…”

Section: Gross Toxic Effects Of Trichothecenes On Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic cells: A review

Rocha

Ansari²,

Doohan³

2005

Food Additives and Contaminants

492

298

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The major products of the trichothecene mycotoxin biosynthetic pathway produced in a species-and sometimes isolatespecific manner by cereal-pathogenic Fusarium fungi include T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. This paper briefly reviews the major effects of such trichothecenes on the gross morphology, cytology and molecular signalling within eukaryotic cells. The gross toxic effects of select trichothecenes on animals include growth retardation, reduced ovarian function and reproductive disorders, immuno-compromization, feed refusal and vomiting. The phytotoxic effects of deoxynivalenol on plants can be summarized as growth retardation, inhibition of seedling and green plant regeneration. Trichothecenes are now recognized as having multiple inhibitory effects on eukaryote cells, including inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis, inhibition of mitochondrial function, effects on cell division and membrane effects. In animal cells, they induce apoptosis, a programmed cell death response. Current knowledge about the eukaryotic signal transduction cascades and downstream gene products activated by trichothecenes is limited, especially in plants. In mammalian cells, certain trichothecenes trigger a ribotoxic stress response and activate mitogen-activated protein kinases. DON mediates the inflammatory response by modulating the binding activities of specific transcription factors and subsequently inducing cytokine gene expression. Several genes are up-regulated in wheat in response to trichothecene mycotoxins; the significance, if any, of these genes in the host response to trichothecenes has yet to be elucidated.

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Section: Gross Toxic Effects Of Trichothecenes On Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic cells: A review

Rocha

Ansari²,

Doohan³

2005

Food Additives and Contaminants

492

298

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“…T-2 toxins and DAS have been reported to cause limb and tail abnormalities (271). While T-2 and DAS in feed do not cause abortion, preconception exposure may cause infertility and reduced litter size (271,441).…”

Section: Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, andStachybotrys chartarum: Infectious Disease Perspective

2003

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Damp buildings often have a moldy smell or obvious mold growth; some molds are human pathogens. This has caused concern regarding health effects of moldy indoor environments and has resulted in many studies of moisture- and mold-damaged buildings. Recently, there have been reports of severe illness as a result of indoor mold exposure, particularly due to Stachybotrys chartarum. While many authors describe a direct relationship between fungal contamination and illness, close examination of the literature reveals a confusing picture. Here, we review the evidence regarding indoor mold exposure and mycotoxicosis, with an emphasis on S. chartarum. We also examine possible end-organ effects, including pulmonary, immunologic, neurologic, and oncologic disorders. We discuss the Cleveland infant idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage reports in detail, since they provided important impetus for concerns about Stachybotrys. Some valid concerns exist regarding the relationship between indoor mold exposure and human disease. Review of the literature reveals certain fungus-disease associations in humans, including ergotism (Claviceps species), alimentary toxic aleukia (Fusarium), and liver disease (Aspergillys). While many papers suggest a similar relationship between Stachybotrys and human disease, the studies nearly uniformly suffer from significant methodological flaws, making their findings inconclusive. As a result, we have not found well-substantiated supportive evidence of serious illness due to Stachybotrys exposure in the contemporary environment. To address issues of indoor mold-related illness, there is an urgent need for studies using objective markers of illness, relevant animal models, proper epidemiologic techniques, and examination of confounding factors

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“…T-2 mycotoxicosis or 'moldy corn disease' in pigs is characterized by multiple hemorrhages on the serosa of the liver, stomach and esophagus (at necropsy). Blood can be found in the intestines and in the abdominal cavity, and a cream-colored paste on the lining of the esophagus and the ileum (Weaver et al, 1978c).…”

Section: T-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of mycotoxins in pig reproduction: a review

Kanora¹,

Maes²

2009

Vet. Med.

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ABSTRACT:Mycotoxins are commonly present in feed for farm animals. Sows and gilts are highly susceptible to mycotoxins. This article presents a review describing the main mycotoxins encountered in pig feed which have a negative impact on sow fertility and reproduction. Consumption of feed that is contaminated with these mycotoxins may cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the type of mycotoxin, quantity and duration of exposure, as well as the health status and condition of the animal at the time of exposure. Two types of fungi are recognized, field fungi and storage fungi. Field fungi such as Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Claviceps spp. may produce toxins that lead to disturbed reproductive performance. Storage fungi occur if the humidity during storage is too high. In daily practice, the symptoms related to mycotoxicosis can occur at toxin concentrations below the detection limit. Knowledge of the effects of mycotoxins is expanding rapidly. Mycotoxins may still be present in feedstuffs despite negative analytical findings and because of the presence of hot spots in feed and or feedstuffs. Clinical symptoms can be very pronounced, making the diagnosis for the practitioner quite easy but in many cases the symptoms are vague and not at all present at herd level on a regular basis. The practitioner is in the first line of raising awareness in all parties whenever the first indication exists of a possible mycotoxicosis problem causing reproductive failure in breeding pigs. The problems can be resolved only if all parties involved in pig herd health take the necessary preventive measures and actions. The main toxins causing reproductive failure discussed in this article are aflatoxins, ergot alkaloids, trichothecenes and zearalenone.

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Acute and chronic toxicity of T-2 mycotoxin in swine

Cited by 93 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic cells: A review

Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic cells: A review

Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, andStachybotrys chartarum: Infectious Disease Perspective

The role of mycotoxins in pig reproduction: a review

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