Acute and chronic tolerance to nicotine measured by activity in rats

Stolerman, I. P.; Fink, Robert S.; Jarvik, Murray E.

doi:10.1007/bf00429192

Cited by 236 publications

(124 citation statements)

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“…Previous research has shown that acute treatment with nicotine can suppress locomotor activity in rats [7,36,37]. Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Previous research has shown that acute treatment with nicotine can suppress locomotor activity in rats [7,36,37]. Depending on the conditions of the experiment, this suppression can be quickly replaced by locomotor-activating effects [7,19,20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acute nicotine can produce a biphasic effect on locomotor activity. Depending on such factors as dose and apparatus, nicotine initially suppresses locomotor activity in rats [7,36,37]. Chronically, nicotine tends to stimulate activity [7,19,20].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Individual differences in rat locomotor activity are diminished by nicotine through stimulation of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Bevins¹,

Besheer²

2001

Physiology & Behavior

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Rats exposed to a small inescapable environment are more active when the environment is novel than when it is familiar (Refs. [23,33]; see later). Recently, the empirical and theoretical interest in the behavioral activating effect of novelty has increased. This interest is driven, in part, by evidence indicating that reactivity to a novel environment is a behavioral measure of a rat's sensitivity to stress. Rats exposed to a novel environment show an increase in plasma levels of the "stress hormone" corticosterone (e.g., Ref. [25]). Importantly, novelty-induced increases in corticosterone are greater in rats that display more locomotor activity to an inescapable novel environment [29]. Moreover, rats more activated by exposure to a novel environment [often termed high responders (FIR)] displayed a greater increase in corticosterone levels to restraint stress than rats that were less reactive to the novel environment [low responders (LR)]. HR also had a more prolonged increase in corticosterone to this restraint than LR [10]. This work is important because it demonstrates that a purported behavioral measure of stress sensitivity (i.e., novelty-induced activity) predicts the response to another form of stress (i.e., restraint).Reactivity to a novel environment has served as a predictive variable in recent drug abuse studies (see Refs. [9,31 ] for reviews). This predictive value is another reason for the recent interest in novelty-induced activity. For instance, rats that are more activated by exposure to a novel environment (HR) more readily self-administer amphetamine and are more sensitive to the locomotor-stimulant effects of amphetamine [29]. Novelty-induced activity has been found to also predict such behavioral effects as activity induced by cocaine and caffeine [16], ethanol-induced activity and ethanol self-administration [14,15], amphetamine-conditioned hyperactivity to contextual stimuli [17], cueing effects of amphetamine [13] and amphetamine barpress suppressant effects [6].Another factor contributing to the interest in novelty-induced activity is the potential insight it may provide into the behavioral and neural substrates underlying individual differences in drug abuse vulnerability. This idea is based, in part, on the assumption that the predictive relation just described likely refl ects an overlap in the mechanism(s) responsible Published in Physiology & Behavior 72 (2001) Abstract: An increasing body of research has focused on isolating factors that predict or alter individual differences in the behavioral and neural processes mediating the effects of abused drugs. Within this framework, the current report assessed individual differences and the locomotor effect of nicotine. Rats were screened for activity induced by a novel environment. Rats, which were more active to initial environment exposure, remained more active even after seven additional 30-min exposures to the same environment. Treatment with nicotine-di-D tartrate (1 mg/kg, sc) disrupted this effect. This nicotine disruption of indiv...

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“…Previous research has shown that acute treatment with nicotine can suppress locomotor activity in rats [7,36,37]. Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Individual differences in rat locomotor activity are diminished by nicotine through stimulation of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Bevins¹,

Besheer²

2001

Physiology & Behavior

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“…The results obtained in this study are agreement with previous reports (Stolerman, Fink, & Jarvik, 1973) (Clarke & Kumar, 1983) that locomotor stimulant effects were developed at low dose of nicotine, followed by a decrease at high dose of nicotine in its locomotor depressant effects, which is governed centrally mediated theoretically (Morrison et al, 1969). The sensitized nicotine group (0.5 N) travelled longest in locomotor activity among all the nicotine test groups, which is supported by…”

Section: Assessment Of Bioactivity Of Nano-nicotine Via Locomotor Tessupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Schweitzer that low dose of intravenous nicotine suppresses spinal reflexes (Schweitzer & Wright, 1938), in contrast, the dose of 1.5 N showed sensitized depressant behaviour as high level of nicotine in the brain and blood would cause locomotion disturbances, which has been reported by Stolerman (Stolerman et al, 1973). Overall, the nicotine locomotor stimulant and depressant characters in naïve mice are dose dependent due to the regulations of different types of nAChR on nicotine's stimulant and depressant effects.…”

Section: Assessment Of Bioactivity Of Nano-nicotine Via Locomotor Tesmentioning

confidence: 78%

Development of Nicotine Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Lung Delivery

Wang¹

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Cigarette smoking has become one of the leading causes of preventable deaths all over the world, causing a serious threat to human wellbeing and a tremendous economic burden to governments. The currently available treatment options for smoking cessation are not efficient. The pulmonary delivery of drugs by methods such as dry powder inhaler (DPI) has been recognized as one of the most efficient routes of drug delivery to the targeted area. The lung delivery of nicotine in this way would be expected to mimic the effects of tobacco smoking and could significantly reduce the negative health effects of smoking that result from nicotine addiction.The aim of this study is to develop nanoparticles with controlled physicochemical properties using biodegradable polymer of chitosan (CS) loaded with nicotine salt for pulmonary delivery as DPI formulations. The outcomes of this project are expected to be a safe and effective CS-based nicotine formulation for pulmonary delivery to treat nicotine dependence. This thesis specially addresses the research questions: (1) how to develop a feasible process to manufacture the nanoparticles suitable for pulmonary drug delivery using biodegradable polymer of CS containing nicotine salt; (2) how to develop an animal model for pulmonary drug delivery from DPI formulation using a nose-only inhalation device.The current therapeutic options for treatment of smoking addiction have been reviewed, and current advancements of technology in pulmonary drug delivery are summarised. Buccal administration of drugs exhibits a low oral bioavailability, and sublingual tablets and chewing gums can be swallowed before being absorbed.Although nasal spray of nicotine is a fast way to deliver nicotine into the bloodstream, Development of Nicotine Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Lung Delivery iii the rate of absorption is still not as rapid as cigarette smoking. Therefore, it is proposed that delivery of nicotine with sustained drug release profile direct into the deep lung is likely to more effectively mimic the rapid effects of cigarette smoking on a physiological level, which could eliminate patient craving and allow the tapering of nicotine level over time to improve patients' compliance.Water in oil (w/o) emulsion crosslinking method has been used to fabricate nicotine hydrogen tartrate (NHT)-loaded CS nanoparticles which separate as solid microaggregates. The physicochemical properties of particles are characterized by a series of techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the prepared particles are spherical in morphology with rough surface after loading CS particles with NHT. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)by Zetasizer determined nanoparticle size ranging from 167.6 nm to 411 nm, while DLS by Mastersizer demonstrated that the microaggregates of these nanoparticles are in the respirable range (<5µm). The surface positive charge as measured by zeta potential tends to decrease with increase of mass ratios of NHT to CS, which is in contr...

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Condition-independent sensitization of locomotor stimulation and mesocortical dopamine release following chronic nicotine treatment in the rat

Nisell

Nomikos

Hertel

et al. 1996

Synapse

146

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Chronic nicotine (NIC) pretreatment has been shown to enhance NIC‐induced locomotor stimulation, an effect that seems critically dependent on activation of brain dopamine (DA) systems. In the present study the effects of chronic, intermittent NIC treatment were examined in the rat to establish whether such behavioral sensitization is associated with specific, regional changes in brain dopaminergic activity. Male rats received daily injections in their home cage with either saline (SAL) or NIC (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) for 12 days. Twenty‐four hours later, the locomotor activity of the animals subjected to NIC challenge as well as the functional responsiveness of the mesolimbocortical dopaminergic system were assessed. To this end, microdialysis experiments were performed in awake animals, measuring extracellular concentrations of DA and its metabolites in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAC). Extracellular single cell recordings from DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were also performed in anesthetized animals. NIC (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) increased all measured parameters of locomotor activity, with the exception of rearing, in SAL‐pretreated animals; these effects were substantially enhanced after pretreatment with NIC. Nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) increased DA release in both the PFC and the NAC in SAL‐treated animals. Nicotine pretreatment significantly enhanced this effect in the PFC, whereas it did not affect the response in the NAC. Low doses of intravenously administered NIC dose‐dependently increased burst activity, starting at 12 μg/kg in the SAL pretreated animals and at 6 μg/kg in the NIC‐pretreated animals, and also dose‐dependently increased firing rate in SAL as well as NIC‐pretreated animals, although starting at a higher dose level, i.e., 25 μg/kg. These results demonstrate that behavioral sensitization after chronic NIC treatment is accompanied by an enhanced dopamine release specifically within the PFC. This phenomenon may be highly significant for the dependence‐producing effects of NIC, particularly in association with major psychiatric disorder, such as schizophrenia. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Acute and chronic tolerance to nicotine measured by activity in rats

Cited by 236 publications

References 16 publications

Individual differences in rat locomotor activity are diminished by nicotine through stimulation of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Individual differences in rat locomotor activity are diminished by nicotine through stimulation of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Development of Nicotine Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Lung Delivery

Condition-independent sensitization of locomotor stimulation and mesocortical dopamine release following chronic nicotine treatment in the rat

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