Acute and chronic loading of sodium bicarbonate in highly trained swimmers

Joyce, Sarah Margaret; Minahan, Clare; Anderson, Megan E.; Osborne, Mark

doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1995-z

Cited by 28 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Joyce et al (2012) found no improvement in 200-m swim time after bicarbonate treatment. Some of the variation in the reported effects of bicarbonate administration is undoubtedly a result of the nature of the task, but a recent meta-analysis also found that effects are less likely to be observed in well-trained athletes than in recreationally active individuals (Peart et al, 2012).…”

Section: Bicarbonate and Beta-alaninementioning

confidence: 84%

Dietary Supplements for Aquatic Sports

Derave¹,

Tipton²

2014

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Many athletes use dietary supplements, with use more prevalent among those competing at the highest level. Supplements are often self-prescribed, and their use is likely to be based on an inadequate understanding of the issues at stake. Supplementation with essential micronutrients may be useful when a diagnosed deficiency cannot be promptly and effectively corrected with food-based dietary solutions. When used in high doses, some supplements may do more harm than good: Iron supplementation, for example, is potentially harmful. There is good evidence from laboratory studies and some evidence from field studies to support health or performance benefits from appropriate use of a few supplements. The available evidence from studies of aquatic sports is small and is often contradictory. Evidence from elite performers is almost entirely absent, but some athletes may benefit from informed use of creatine, caffeine, and buffering agents. Poor quality assurance in some parts of the dietary supplements industry raises concerns about the safety of some products. Some do not contain the active ingredients listed on the label, and some contain toxic substances, including prescription drugs, that can cause health problems. Some supplements contain compounds that will cause an athlete to fail a doping test. Supplement quality assurance programs can reduce, but not entirely eliminate, this risk.

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Section: Bicarbonate and Beta-alaninementioning

confidence: 84%

Dietary Supplements for Aquatic Sports

Derave¹,

Tipton²

2014

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…Some studies have examined the ergogenic potential of SB on short-distance swimming performance (i.e., 100 and 200 m or 100 and 200 yards) and interval swimming performance (Gao et al 1988;Pierce et al 1992;Lindh et al 2008;Pruscino et al 2008;Siegler and Hirscher 2010;Joyce et al 2012). However, results are quite conflicting; some studies reported no effect of SB on timetrial performance (Pierce et al 1992;Pruscino et al 2008;Joyce et al 2012), one reported a positive effect on swimming trials (Lindh et al 2008), and others reported improved interval swimming performance (Gao et al 1988;Siegler and Hirscher 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, results are quite conflicting; some studies reported no effect of SB on timetrial performance (Pierce et al 1992;Pruscino et al 2008;Joyce et al 2012), one reported a positive effect on swimming trials (Lindh et al 2008), and others reported improved interval swimming performance (Gao et al 1988;Siegler and Hirscher 2010). However, no study has yet investigated the effects of BA supplementation on swimming performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ergogenic effect of beta-alanine combined with sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity swimming performance

Painelli

Roschel

Jesus

et al. 2013

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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We investigated the effect of beta-alanine (BA) alone (study A) and in combination with sodium bicarbonate (SB) (study B) on 100- and 200-m swimming performance. In study A, 16 swimmers were assigned to receive either BA (3.2 g·day−1 for 1 week and 6.4 g·day−1 for 4 weeks) or placebo (PL; dextrose). At baseline and after 5 weeks of supplementation, 100- and 200-m races were completed. In study B, 14 were assigned to receive either BA (3.2 g·day−1 for 1 week and 6.4 g·day−1 for 3 weeks) or PL. Time trials were performed once before and twice after supplementation (with PL and SB), in a crossover fashion, providing 4 conditions: PL-PL, PL-SB, BA-PL, and BA-SB. In study A, BA supplementation improved 100- and 200-m time-trial performance by 2.1% (p = 0.029) and 2.0% (p = 0.0008), respectively. In study B, 200-m time-trial performance improved in all conditions, compared with presupplementation, except the PL-PL condition (PL-SB, +2.3%; BA-PL, +1.5%; BA-SB, +2.13% (p < 0.05)). BA-SB was not different from BA-PL (p = 0.21), but the probability of a positive effect was 78.5%. In the 100-m time-trial, only a within-group effect for SB was observed in the PL-SB (p = 0.022) and BA-SB (p = 0.051) conditions. However, 6 of 7 athletes swam faster after BA supplementation. The probability of BA having a positive effect was 65.2%; when SB was added to BA, the probability was 71.8%. BA and SB supplementation improved 100- and 200-m swimming performance. The coingestion of BA and SB induced a further nonsignificant improvement in performance.

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“…Despite greater muscular pain and increased creatine kinase levels on day 2 after caffeine use, performance was improved by 5.0 [±3.6] % and 5.1 [±2.8] %Beetroot juice/nitrate Hoon et al [57]Highly-trained cyclists ( n = 26 M) Crossover design70-ml (4 mmol nitrate) BJ concentrate @ 2.5 h pre TT1 or @ 2.5 h pre TT2 or 70 ml BJ @ 2.5 pre TT1 + 35 ml BJ top up straight after TT1Cycling 2 × 4 min cycling TT separated by 75 min (simulation of team pursuit schedule at London Olympic Games)Event 1: PerhapsEvent 2: Potential impairmentSophisticated mixed model analysis took into account caliber of cyclist and learning/order effect, while identifying 1% improvement as the smallest worthwhile change. Overall, nitrate treatment (acknowledged as a suboptimal dose in light of more recent evidence) was associated with a small but unclear improvement of 1.3 ± 1.7% in the first time trial, but also a potentially unclear impairment of performance in the second time trial, perhaps due to the carryover of additional fatigue [−0.3 ± 1.6%]Bicarbonate Joyce et al [58]Highly-trained swimmers ( n = 8 M) Crossover designSerial bicarbonate protocol: 3 days @ 300 mg/kg/day sodium bicarbonate divided in 3 daily doses + final dose on day 4Performance protocol undertaken on days 4 and 5Swimming 2 × 200 m TT separated by 24 h to simulate swimming competitionEvent 1: NoEvent 2: NoPlasma bicarbonate concentration was increased after 3 days’ serial loading, although to a smaller extent than when same daily amount was taken as acute dose 90 min before the TT. However bicarbonate concentrations returned to baseline 24 h after last dose.…”

Section: Repeated Use Of Supplementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, repeated use of bicarbonate supplementation has been studied in several sports-specific study designs, simulating a successive day use in a swimming carnival [58] or repeated use in a rowing regatta where races may be separated by 48 h [37]. Both studies (see Table 4) used the serial bicarbonate loading protocol in which 300–500 mg/kg of bicarbonate is taken daily in split doses to chronically elevate plasma bicarbonate concentrations [9].…”

Section: Repeated Use Of Supplementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Issues in Evidence-Based Use of Performance Supplements: Supplement Interactions, Repeated Use and Individual Responses

Burke

2017

Sports Med

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Current sports nutrition guidelines recommend that athletes only take supplements following an evidence-based analysis of their value in supporting training outcomes or competition performance in their specific event. While there is sound evidence to support the use of a few performance supplements under specific scenarios (creatine, beta-alanine, bicarbonate, caffeine, nitrate/beetroot juice and, perhaps, phosphate), there is a lack of information around several issues needed to guide the practical use of these products in competitive sport. First, there is limited knowledge around the strategy of combining the intake of several products in events in which performance benefits are seen with each product in isolation. The range in findings from studies involving combined use of different combinations of two supplements makes it difficult to derive a general conclusion, with both the limitations of individual studies and the type of sporting event to which the supplements are applied influencing the potential for additive, neutral or counteractive outcomes. The repeated use of the same supplement in sports involving two or more events within a 24-h period is of additional interest, but has received even less attention. Finally, the potential for individual athletes to respond differently, in direction and magnitude, to the use of a supplement seems real, but is hard to distinguish from normal day to day variability in performance. Strategies that can be used in research or practice to identify whether individual differences are robust include repeat trials, and the collection of data on physiological or genetic mechanisms underpinning outcomes.

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Acute and chronic loading of sodium bicarbonate in highly trained swimmers

Cited by 28 publications

References 22 publications

Dietary Supplements for Aquatic Sports

Dietary Supplements for Aquatic Sports

The ergogenic effect of beta-alanine combined with sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity swimming performance

Practical Issues in Evidence-Based Use of Performance Supplements: Supplement Interactions, Repeated Use and Individual Responses

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