“…The nine included studies were from double-blinded RCTs conducted in China (five studies), [29][30][31][32] Malaysia (two studies), 20,33 Italy (one study), 19 and Iran (one study), 34 each of which assessed probiotics on motor or non-motor symptoms in patients with PD between 2016 and 2022. A total of 663 patients were included, and the following outcomes were evaluated in relation to motor symptoms and non-motor symptom parameters: UPDRS-II, UPDRS-III, PDQ-39, MMSE, HAMA, HADM-17, NMSS, ADL, PAC-QCL, Bristol scores, BMs, CSBMs, satisfaction, and GSH.…”