Actual neighborhood-level crime predicts body mass index z-score changes in a multi-racial/ethnic sample of children

Suminski, Richard R.; Robson, Shannon M.; May, Linda; Blair, Rachel; Orsega-Smith, Elizabeth

doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.09.012

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Aside from three longitudinal studies, 22/25 studies (88%) had a cross-sectional design. Sample sizes ranged from 35 [ 28 ] children to 3,200 children [ 29 ]. Forms of COAMB were examined in correlation to perceived safety (19/25 studies; 76%), measured safety (3/25 studies; 12%) or both measured and perceived safety (3/25 studies; 12%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Health indices: Body mass index “the ratio of an individual's weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared (BMI = kg/m 2 )” to measure of body fat percentage and obesity [ 53 ]. In this review, one study measured BMI [ 29 ] and another used parents’ reported children’s weight and height [ 39 ]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under the most conventional approach within the scope of the studies (15/25 studies; 60%), the child’s neighbourhood was most often defined as the local area, the area within a 10-min walk, the street immediately near a child’s home, the walk between school and home, or the area of the school [ 15 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 42 – 44 , 46 , 47 , 51 ]. Two studies (2/25; 8%) defined the neighbourhood as the administrative boundary of the census block or zip code, which falls under residence-based approach [ 29 , 45 ]. Both the above categories are static and subjective representations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these were separated in the analysis in one study [ 50 ] but combined in another [ 45 ]. Remaining studies used indices of; a crime risk index (computing the likelihood of a crime occurring in a neighbourhood based on actual crime statistics) [ 29 ], a neighbourhood safety level index (combining crime data with traffic volumes, the percentage of high-speed streets and accident rates) [ 51 ]. Objective measurements of road safety employed GIS to measure traffic speeds around schools, and they adopted road hierarchy as a proxy to derive the ratio of high-speed roads around schools [ 41 ] in combination with streetscape audit (via Google Street View).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Controlled confounders of the same questionnaires in terms of individual characteristics were mainly child sex/gender (20/25 studies; 85%), race/ethnicity (9/25 studies; 36%) and family characteristics as a proxy for the socio-economic status (18/25 studies; 72%). However, ethnic/racial categories were inconsistently classified across studies, although some studies originated from the same country [ 29 , 40 , 44 , 45 , 51 ], Table 1 . Indices used to address socio-economic status varied across studies, with car ownership followed by family income being the most discussed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Children’s outdoor active mobility behaviour and neighbourhood safety: a systematic review in measurement methods and future research directions

et al. 2021

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Background Numerous studies have examined the association between safety and primary school-aged children’s forms of active mobility. However, variations in studies’ measurement methods and the elements addressed have contributed to inconsistencies in research outcomes, which may be forming a barrier to advancing researchers’ knowledge about this field. To assess where current research stands, we have synthesised the methodological measures in studies that examined the effects of neighbourhood safety exposure (perceived and measured) on children’s outdoor active mobility behaviour and used this analysis to propose future research directions. Method A systematic search of the literature in six electronic databases was conducted using pre-defined eligibility criteria and was concluded in July 2020. Two reviewers screened the literature abstracts to determine the studies’ inclusion, and two reviewers independently conducted a methodological quality assessment to rate the included studies. Results Twenty-five peer-reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria. Active mobility behaviour and health characteristics were measured objectively in 12 out of the 25 studies and were reported in another 13 studies. Twenty-one studies overlooked spatiotemporal dimensions in their analyses and outputs. Delineations of children’s neighbourhoods varied within 10 studies’ objective measures, and the 15 studies that opted for subjective measures. Safety perceptions obtained in 22 studies were mostly static and primarily collected via parents, and dissimilarities in actual safety measurement methods were present in 6 studies. The identified schematic constraints in studies’ measurement methods assisted in outlining a three-dimensional relationship between ‘what’ (determinants), ‘where’ (spatial) and ‘when’ (time) within a methodological conceptual framework. Conclusions The absence of standardised measurement methods among relevant studies may have led to the current diversity in findings regarding active mobility, spatial (locality) and temporal (time) characteristics, the neighbourhood, and the representation of safety. Ignorance of the existing gaps and heterogeneity in measures may impact the reliability of evidence and poses a limitation when synthesising findings, which could result in serious biases for policymakers. Given the increasing interest in children’s health studies, we suggested alternatives in the design and method of measures that may guide future evidence-based research for policymakers who aim to improve children’s active mobility and safety.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Children’s outdoor active mobility behaviour and neighbourhood safety: a systematic review in measurement methods and future research directions

et al. 2021

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Is there a correlation between children’s outdoor active mobility behaviour and neighbourhood safety? A systematic review of the evidence

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveTo identify, summarise and evaluate evidence on the correlation between perceived and actual neighbourhood safety (personal and road danger) and diverse forms of outdoor active mobility behaviour (ie, active play, exercise, and travel) among primary-school-aged children.DesignA systematic review of evidence from observational studies exploring children’s active mobility behaviour and safety.Data sourcesSix electronic databases were searched: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest and Web of Science from study inception until July 2020.Data extraction and synthesisStudy selection and quality assessment were conducted independently by two reviewers. We expanded on a quality assessment tool and adopted a vote-counting technique to determine strength of evidence. The outcomes were categorised by individual, family and neighbourhood levels.ResultsA total of 29 studies were included, with a majority of cross-sectional design. Higher parental perceived personal safety correlated with increased children’s active mobility behaviour, but most commonly in active travel (eg, independent walking or cycling to a local destination). Increased concerns regarding road danger correlated with a decrease in each type of children’s active behaviour; active travel, play and exercise. However, these correlations were influenced by child’s sex/gender, age, car ownership, neighbourhood types, across time, and proximity to destination. Limited or inconclusive evidence was found on correlate of children’s outdoor active mobility behaviour to ‘stranger danger’, children’s perceived personal safety, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status or measured safety.ConclusionChildren are restricted by perception of safety. Encouraging children’s active travel may require future strategies to address characteristics relevant to types of the neighbourhood that promote a high sense of personal safety. Children and parents may embrace other types of active mobility behaviour if road danger is mitigated. Sex/gender and age-specific interventions and redesign of public places could lead to child-friendly cities. Future studies may benefit from adopting validated measurement methods and fill existing research gaps.

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Actual neighborhood-level crime predicts body mass index z-score changes in a multi-racial/ethnic sample of children

Cited by 2 publications

References 45 publications

Children’s outdoor active mobility behaviour and neighbourhood safety: a systematic review in measurement methods and future research directions

Children’s outdoor active mobility behaviour and neighbourhood safety: a systematic review in measurement methods and future research directions

Is there a correlation between children’s outdoor active mobility behaviour and neighbourhood safety? A systematic review of the evidence

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