Actual energy savings from the use of thermostatic radiator valves in residential buildings – Long term field evaluation

Cholewa, Tomasz; Siuta-Olcha, Alicja; Balaras, Constantinos A.

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.06.070

Cited by 48 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Correcting these types of errors may very well be possible without investing in a completely new heating system, but it would require the replacement of some heating system components and preferably further development of current thermostat design. This result is generally in line with previous research, that has shown how hydraulic balancing, proper pump settings, and installation of well-functioning TRVs can help improve the heating system operation of existing buildings and thereby lower the energy consumption for heating [18][19][20]. Only this study, adds to the reasoning that improved heating system operation is also important to obtain low district heating return temperatures, as also showed in a case study by Trüschel [21], and thereby enable the introduction of low-temperature district heating,.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Monetti et al showed that applying TRVs in an old Italian multi-family building led to energy savings of 2-10% [19] while Ahern & Norton describes how application of TRVs, hydraulic balancing and proper pump setting can lead to energy savings of up to 19% [18]. Cholewa et al showed that installation of TRVs and use of pre-settings can lead to energy savings of around 20% [20]. Trüschel showed how hydraulic balancing in three Swedish multi-family buildings could in some cases lead to energy savings, while other benefits included increased comfort or reduced heating system temperatures [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experience from a practical test of low-temperature district heating for space heating in five Danish single-family houses from the 1930s

Østergaard

Svendsen

2018

Energy

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The efficiency of district heating systems is greatly affected by network supply and return temperatures. However, the opportunities to lower the temperatures and thereby increase network efficiency are restricted by customer installations. Very little is known about the customer installations, because heating system operation is only rarely monitored in detail. In this study, we therefore investigated the operation of the heating systems in five houses. The study had two aims: first to investigate how much of the heating season the houses could be heated with supply temperatures as low as 55 °C, and second to investigate whether occupant behaviour and heating system malfunctions caused unnecessarily high return temperatures. The results showed that all the houses were compatible with low-temperature supply, and in two of the houses return temperatures were even as low as the preferred 25-30 °C. Two main causes were found for unnecessarily high return temperatures in the remaining houses: a few radiators were found to be too small, and thermostatic radiator valves did not always ensure proper water mass flow. In conclusion, if these errors were corrected, the study indicates that it would be possible to heat the investigated houses with district heating temperatures of 55/30 °C.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience from a practical test of low-temperature district heating for space heating in five Danish single-family houses from the 1930s

Østergaard

Svendsen

2018

Energy

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“…These problems may be owing to the relationship among pump operation, radiator valves, and thermostat control. Other studies have similarly shown how these control components can have a large influence on heating system temperatures, occupant thermal comfort, and energy consumption for heating [28][29][30].…”

Section: Heating System Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costs and benefits of preparing existing Danish buildings for low-temperature district heating

Østergaard

Svendsen

2019

Energy

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This paper aims to provide an overview of the costs and benefits of preparing existing space heating systems for low-temperature district heating. Necessary heating system improvements were assessed based on previous work carried out on the topic. This included evaluating the necessity of installing larger heating elements and improving heating system control. The costs of the identified heating system improvements were then estimated and compared with the savings achieved if district heating temperatures were lowered, from the perspective of both the total Danish energy system and the individual district heating customers. The investigations resulted in simple payback times of 1.2-4.3 years from an energy system perspective and 0.3-18.7 years for an individual district heating customer. The current study thus indicates that it is economically feasible to invest in an improved heating system control to enable a reduction in the district heating return temperatures.

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“…These areas are composed of several rooms with several radiators that can be manually managed by opening and closing a valve. There are thermostatic radiator valves, which integrate temperature sensors, that saves considerable amounts of energy [ 47 ]. However, they heat the room despite if whether there are people inside or not.…”

Section: Deployment and Use Casementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of an IoT Application-Scoped Access Control Model over a Publish/Subscribe Architecture Based on FIWARE

García-Pozo

Alonso

Salvachúa

2020

Sensors

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The Internet of Things (IoT) brings plenty of opportunities to enhance society’s activities, from improving a factory’s production chain to facilitating people’s household tasks. However, it has also brought new security breaches, compromising privacy and authenticity. IoT devices are vulnerable to being accessed from the Internet; they lack sufficient resources to face cyber-attack threats. Keeping a balance between access control and the devices’ resource consumption has become one of the highest priorities of IoT research. In this paper, we evaluate an access control architecture based on the IAACaaS (IoT application-Scoped Access Control as a Service) model with the aim of protecting IoT devices that communicate using the Publish/Subscribe pattern. IAACaaS is based on the OAuth 2.0 authorization framework, which externalizes the identity and access control infrastructure of applications. In our evaluation, we implement the model using FIWARE Generic Enablers and deploy them for a smart buildings use case with a wireless communication. Then, we compare the performance of two different approaches in the data-sharing between sensors and the Publish/Subscribe broker, using Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) protocols. We conclude that the integration of Publish/Subscribe IoT deployments with IAACaaS adds an extra layer of security and access control without compromising the system’s performance.

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Actual energy savings from the use of thermostatic radiator valves in residential buildings – Long term field evaluation

Cited by 48 publications

References 18 publications

Experience from a practical test of low-temperature district heating for space heating in five Danish single-family houses from the 1930s

Experience from a practical test of low-temperature district heating for space heating in five Danish single-family houses from the 1930s

Costs and benefits of preparing existing Danish buildings for low-temperature district heating

Evaluation of an IoT Application-Scoped Access Control Model over a Publish/Subscribe Architecture Based on FIWARE

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