Actors and Observers Revisited: Correspondence Bias, Counterfactual Surprise, and Discounting in Successive Judgments of Constrained Behavior

Fleming, John H.; Darley, John M.

doi:10.1521/soco.1993.11.4.367

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The present findings also provide further evidence that traitbehavior assumptions can have significant implications for dispositional attributions. More specifically, Fleming and Darley (1993) demonstrated that temporary "artificially created" expectancies do have an impact on dispositional attribution. The present study extends the research in this area by demonstrating that such perceptions also can be affected by more stable, well-established, real-world attitudes (i.e., White anti-Black bias beliefs).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…," 1996;Brown, 1996;Crocker et al, 1999;DeParle, 1990). Although both groups of participants will be aware of the plant manager's orders, there is some evidence that such external constraints are more likely to be perceived as superfluous when a target's behavior is consistent with prior expectations (see Fleming & Darley, 1993;Reeder, 1993).…”

Section: Overview Of the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation in Black Anti-White Bias and Target Distancing Cues: Factors that Influence Perceptions of “Ambiguously Racist” Behavior

Johnson

Simmons

Trawalter

et al. 2003

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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Experiment 1 indicated that when the White supervisor's negative treatment of a Black subordinate was unconstrained, participant race had no impact on attributions. Conversely, when the treatment was constrained, Black participants reported greater racist attributions than did White participants. Experiment 2 indicated that when the supervisor reported no response or a minimal negative response (i.e., indicating that he did not support his actions) after his negative treatment of the Black subordinate, Black participants reported greater racist attributions than did White participants. Conversely, when the supervisor's negative treatment was followed by a more extreme negative response, participant race had no impact on attributions. Experiment 3 indicated that Black participants were less likely than White participants to perceive a minimal negative response as reflecting a White supervisor's lack of support for his negative actions. Conversely, participant race had no impact on attributions of a Black supervisor's negative actions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Overview Of the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Black Anti-White Bias and Target Distancing Cues: Factors that Influence Perceptions of “Ambiguously Racist” Behavior

Johnson

Simmons

Trawalter

et al. 2003

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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“…Paradoxical knowing capturing greater certainty than believing the unknowable in part differentiates paradoxical knowing from illusory beliefs, for instance, illusory control (e.g., expecting dice to be in one’s favor; Crocker, 1982; Fleming & Darley, 1986; Langer, 1975; Taylor & Brown, 1988), overclaiming (overestimating one’s knowledge based on expertise; Atir, Rosenzweig, & Dunning, 2015), and illusory superiority (judging oneself as more skilled the less skilled one actually is; Kruger & Dunning, 1999). Unlike paradoxical knowing, illusions are not necessarily held with a high degree of certainty – illusions are defined as responsive to utility information (such as negative feedback; Taylor, Collins, Skokan, & Aspinwall, 1989).…”

Section: Paradoxical Knowing and Its Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paradoxical Knowing

Gollwitzer

Oettingen

2019

Social Psychology

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Abstract. To avoid uncertainty, people may take a shortcut to knowledge. They recognize something as unknowable, but claim to know it nonetheless (e.g., whether I will find true love is unknowable, but I know I will). In Study-set 1, such paradoxical knowledge was common and spanned across valence and content. Study-set 2 revealed an antecedent of paradoxical knowing. High (vs. low) goal-incentives incited paradoxical knowledge – participants felt certain about attaining important future life goals despite acknowledging such goal attainment as unknowable. As a shortcut to knowledge, however, paradoxical knowing may have its costs. In Study-set 3, paradoxical knowing related to aggression (fight), determined ignorance (flight), and a willingness to join and adhere to extreme groups (befriend).

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“…4 Research has found that Whites are more likely than Blacks to be accepting of potential external constraints (i.e., the waiter's excuse that he was busy) in situations where discri mination against the ingroup is plausible (Davidson & Friedman, 1998;Johnson, Simmons, Trawalter, Ferguson, & Reed, 2003, Study 3). Furthermore, there is evidence that such external constraints are less likely to be taken at face value when differential treatment is normative (Fleming & Darley, 1993), and not being served promptly in a restaurant is likely more normative for Blacks. These psychological processes might explain the low level of attributions to discrimination among White Canadians in the restaurant scenario relative to the workplace scenario as well as the higher attributions found among Black Canadians.…”

Section: Racial Context and Racial Group Differences Between Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Identity, Racial Context, and Ingroup Status: Implications for Attributions to Discrimination Among Black Canadians

Outten

Giguère

Schmitt

et al. 2009

Journal of Black Psychology

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Using Self-Categorization Theory as a conceptual framework for understanding attributions to discrimination, the primary aim of this study was to move beyond focusing on the degree to which racial minorities define themselves in terms of their race (i.e., racial centrality). Specifically, the authors examined how multiple dimensions of Black racial identity affected attributions to racial discrimination in two attributionally ambiguous situations. For Black Canadians exposed to intergroup contexts, racial identity beliefs that emphasize the distinctiveness of the Black experience (low public regard and nationalist ideology) were associated with greater perceived discrimination across the two situations, whereas racial identity beliefs that stress the similarities between the Black experience and that of other groups (assimilationist and humanist ideologies) were associated with perceiving less discrimination. Racial identity beliefs did not predict attributions when the target and potential perpetrator were members of the same racial group.

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Actors and Observers Revisited: Correspondence Bias, Counterfactual Surprise, and Discounting in Successive Judgments of Constrained Behavior

Cited by 9 publications

References 1 publication

Variation in Black Anti-White Bias and Target Distancing Cues: Factors that Influence Perceptions of “Ambiguously Racist” Behavior

Variation in Black Anti-White Bias and Target Distancing Cues: Factors that Influence Perceptions of “Ambiguously Racist” Behavior

Paradoxical Knowing

Racial Identity, Racial Context, and Ingroup Status: Implications for Attributions to Discrimination Among Black Canadians

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