Activity of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Declines during Tomato Fruit Development and Ripening

Kyriacou, Marios C.; Polking, Gary F.; Hannapel, David J.; Gladon, Richard J.

doi:10.21273/jashs.121.1.91

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Harvest maturity is a major parameter of quality configuration in annual fruit crops which owed to be standardized before sound conclusions can be drawn on the effects of grafting thereon. Most studies reporting rootstock-mediated effects on fruit quality have relied on an implicit assumption of synchronous ripening behavior in grafted and non-grafted plants, and either did not explicitly monitor harvest maturity or have implicitly relied on crop-specific empirical maturity indices, such as skin color development, formation of abscission layer, or axillary tendril wilting and ground spot formation, which may provide only limited standardization of maturity ( Reid, 2002 ); however, satisfactory standardization must rely principally on the age of the fruit monitored in days post-anthesis ( Kyriacou et al, 1996 , 2016 ). The simultaneous harvest of grafted and non-grafted plants is inherently problematic as it overlooks the potential effect of grafting on fruit ripening behavior and may yield misleading results regarding rootstock effects on quality ( Davis et al, 2008a ).…”

Section: Methodological Approaches and Postulates In Assessing Graftimentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetable Grafting: The Implications of a Growing Agronomic Imperative for Vegetable Fruit Quality and Nutritive Value

et al. 2017

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Grafting has become an imperative for intensive vegetable production since chlorofluorocarbon-based soil fumigants were banned from use on grounds of environmental protection. Compelled by this development, research into rootstock–scion interaction has broadened the potential applications of grafting in the vegetable industry beyond aspects of soil phytopathology. Grafting has been increasingly tapped for cultivation under adverse environs posing abiotic and biotic stresses to vegetable crops, thus enabling expansion of commercial production onto otherwise under-exploited land. Vigorous rootstocks have been employed not only in the open field but also under protected cultivation where increase in productivity improves distribution of infrastructural and energy costs. Applications of grafting have expanded mainly in two families: the Cucurbitaceae and the Solanaceae, both of which comprise major vegetable crops. As the main drives behind the expansion of vegetable grafting have been the resistance to soilborne pathogens, tolerance to abiotic stresses and increase in yields, rootstock selection and breeding have accordingly conformed to the prevailing demand for improving productivity, arguably at the expense of fruit quality. It is, however, compelling to assess the qualitative implications of this growing agronomic practice for human nutrition. Problems of impaired vegetable fruit quality have not infrequently been associated with the practice of grafting. Accordingly, the aim of the current review is to reassess how the practice of grafting and the prevalence of particular types of commercial rootstocks influence vegetable fruit quality and, partly, storability. Physical, sensorial and bioactive aspects of quality are examined with respect to grafting for watermelon, melon, cucumber, tomato, eggplant, and pepper. The physiological mechanisms at play which mediate rootstock effects on scion performance are discussed in interpreting the implications of grafting for the configuration of vegetable fruit physicochemical quality and nutritive value.

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Section: Methodological Approaches and Postulates In Assessing Graftimentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetable Grafting: The Implications of a Growing Agronomic Imperative for Vegetable Fruit Quality and Nutritive Value

et al. 2017

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“…ALA can not only be used as a precursor of chlorophyll synthesis ( 13 ) but also its metabolism is closely related to fruit ripening ( 22 ). The expression level of GSAT was downregulated gradually during tomato fruit ripening, as well as the ALAD (5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, the first enzyme in downstream of ALA metabolism pathway); meanwhile, the content of chlorophyll decreased significantly when the content of lycopene increased ( 70 , 71 ). In this study, the content of derivatives of ALA metabolic pathway increased at early storage time after being treated by exogenous ALA, however, decreased at the end of storage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of 5-aminolevulinic acid promotes ripening and accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites in postharvest tomato fruit

Wang

Yuan

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) plays a vital role in promoting plant growth, enhancing stress resistance, and improving fruit yield and quality. In the present study, tomato fruits were harvested at mature green stage and sprayed with 200 mg L–1 ALA on fruit surface. During ripening, the estimation of primary and secondary metabolites, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents, and the expression levels of key genes involved in their metabolism were carried out. The results showed that ALA significantly promoted carotenoids accumulation by upregulating the gene expression levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS, encoding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase), phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1, encoding phytoene synthase), phytoene desaturase (PDS, encoding phytoene desaturase), and lycopeneβ-cyclase (LCYB, encoding lycopene β-cyclase), whereas chlorophyll content decreased by downregulating the expression levels of Mg-chelatase (CHLH, encoding Mg-chelatase) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR, encoding protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase). Besides, the contents of soluble solids, vitamin C, soluble protein, free amino acids, total soluble sugar, organic acid, total phenol, and flavonoid were increased in ALA-treated tomato fruit, but the fruit firmness was decreased. These results indicated that the exogenous ALA could not only promote postharvest tomato fruit ripening but also improve the internal nutritional and flavor quality of tomato fruit.

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“…As a precursor of chlorophyll synthesis, the ALA metabolic pathway and chlorophyll degradation are closely related to fruit ripening ( Senge et al, 2014 ). For example, during tomato fruit ripening, it was found that glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase ( GAST ) was downregulated at the transcription level ( Kyriacou et al, 1996 ). Meanwhile, 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), a key enzyme in ALA metabolism, was significantly downregulated at the translation and enzymatic activity levels, and the content of chlorophyll in the fruit decreased ( Polking et al, 1999 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous Application of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Promotes Coloration and Improves the Quality of Tomato Fruit by Regulating Carotenoid Metabolism

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) plays an important role in plant growth and development. It can also be used to enhance crop resistance to environmental stresses and improve the color and internal quality of fruits. However, there are limited reports regarding the effects of ALA on tomato fruit color and its regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, in this study, the effects of exogenous ALA on the quality and coloration of tomato fruits were examined. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum “Yuanwei No. 1”) fruit surfaces were treated with different concentrations of ALA (0, 100, and 200 mg⋅L–1) on the 24th day after fruit setting (mature green fruit stage), and the content of soluble sugar, titratable acid, soluble protein, vitamin C, and total free amino acids, as well as 11 kinds of free amino acid components, intermediates of lycopene synthetic and metabolic pathways, and ALA metabolic pathway derivatives were determined during fruit ripening. The relative expression levels of genes involved in lycopene synthesis and metabolism and those involved in ALA metabolism were also analyzed. The results indicated that exogenous ALA (200 mg⋅L–1) increased the contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, total free amino acids, and vitamin C as well as 11 kinds of amino acid components in tomato fruits and reduced the content of titratable acids, thus improving the quality of tomato fruits harvested 4 days earlier than those of the control plants. In addition, exogenous ALA markedly improved carotenoid biosynthesis by upregulating the gene expression levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, phytoene synthase 1, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene β-cyclase. Furthermore, exogenous ALA inhibited chlorophyll synthesis by downregulating the genes expression levels of Mg-chelatase and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. These findings suggest that supplementation with 200 mg⋅L–1 ALA not only enhances the nutritional quality and color of the fruit but also promotes early fruit maturation in tomato.

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Activity of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase Declines during Tomato Fruit Development and Ripening

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Vegetable Grafting: The Implications of a Growing Agronomic Imperative for Vegetable Fruit Quality and Nutritive Value

Vegetable Grafting: The Implications of a Growing Agronomic Imperative for Vegetable Fruit Quality and Nutritive Value

Application of 5-aminolevulinic acid promotes ripening and accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites in postharvest tomato fruit

Exogenous Application of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Promotes Coloration and Improves the Quality of Tomato Fruit by Regulating Carotenoid Metabolism

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