“…Students engaged in active, deep learning are not passively taking in information from instructors but are reading, writing, discussing, and problem solving (Bonwell & Eison, 1991;Litecky, 1998;Prince, 2004). Active learning may be either self-directed or group-directed and is a process consistent with the social constructivist approach in higher learning (Chermak & Weiss, 1999;Prince, 2004).…”