Active x-ray optics for Generation-X, the next high resolution x-ray observatory

Abstract

X-rays provide one of the few bands through which we can study the epoch of reionization, when the first galaxies, black holes and stars were born. To reach the sensitivity required to image these first discrete objects in the universe needs a major advance in X-ray optics. Generation-X (Gen-X) is currently the only X-ray astronomy mission concept that addresses this goal. Gen-X aims to improve substantially on the Chandra angular resolution and to do so with substantially larger effective area. These two goals can only be met if a mirror technology can be developed that yields high angular resolution at much lower mass/unit area than the Chandra optics, matching that of Constellation-X (Con-X). We describe an approach to this goal based on active X-ray optics that correct the mid-frequency departures from an ideal Wolter optic on-orbit. We concentrate on the problems of sensing figure errors, calculating the corrections required, and applying those corrections. The time needed to make this in-flight calibration is reasonable. A laboratory version of these optics has already been developed by others and is successfully operating at synchrotron light sources. With only a moderate investment in these optics the goals of Gen-X resolution can be realized.

First results from the testing of the thin shell adaptive optic prototype for high angular resolution x-ray telescopes

“…In addition it is proposed that the thin shells will be active to allow adjustment in-orbit, the current preferred method would be to use a piezoelectric actuation system. 6 The need for both high resolution and high sensitivity in X-ray astronomy and X-ray optics has led to the demand for alternative technologies to be researched. The SXO project is entering it's final year of a four-year research program, with the backing of a previous one year proof of concept program.…”

Future high-resolution x-ray telescope technologies: prototype fabrication methods and finite element analysis

“…In addition it is proposed that the thin shells will be active in nature to allow adjustment in-orbit, where the current preferred method is to use a piezoelectric actuation system. 4 In this paper we present work regarding the manufacture of an active x-ray prototype, including both experimental data and finite element analysis simulations. Further information regarding the testing of the prototype and the computer simulations describing how the actuators influence functions will lead to an improved angular resolution can be found in Feldman et al titled Development of thin-shell adaptive optics for high angular resolution x-ray telescopes, also presented at this conference.…”