Active warm-up and time-of-day effects on repeated-sprint performance and post-exercise recovery

Carmo, Adriano A. L.; Goulart, Karine Naves de Oliveira; Cabido, Christian Emmanuel Torres; Martins, Ygor Antônio Tinoco; Santos, Gabriela C. F.; Shang, Felipe Lioe Teh; Prado, Luciano Sales; Soares, Danusa Dias; Mello, Marco Túlio de; Mendes, Thiago Teixeira; Garcia, Emerson Silami; Wanner, Samuel Penna

doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05051-w

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…e ., 8.4 ± 1.0 km·h -1 ) of the average speed attained during their best 10 km performance. Previous evidence indicates that warming up muscles increases short-term high-intensity physical performance [ 37 , 38 ]. This warm-up also preceded the CMJs performed before and 1 h after the 10 km self-paced exercise during the second and third visits.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced running performance and greater perceived exertion, but similar post-exercise neuromuscular fatigue in tropical natives subjected to a 10 km self-paced run in a hot compared to a temperate environment

Rodrigues,

Mendes,

Gomes

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Environmental heat stress impairs endurance performance by enhancing exercise-induced physiological and perceptual responses. However, the time course of these responses during self-paced running, particularly when comparing hot and temperate conditions, still needs further clarification. Moreover, monitoring fatigue induced by exercise is paramount to prescribing training and recovery adequately, but investigations on the effects of a hot environment on post-exercise neuromuscular fatigue are scarce. This study compared the time course of physiological and perceptual responses during a 10 km self-paced treadmill run (as fast as possible) between temperate (25°C) and hot (35°C) conditions. We also investigated the changes in countermovement jump (CMJ) performance following exercise in these two ambient temperatures. Thirteen recreational long-distance runners (11 men and 2 women), inhabitants of a tropical region, completed the two experimental trials in a randomized order. Compared to 25°C, participants had transiently higher body core temperature (TCORE) and consistently greater perceived exertion while running at 35°C (p < 0.05). These changes were associated with a slower pace, evidenced by an additional 14 ± 5 min (mean ± SD) to complete the 10 km at 35°C than at 25°C (p < 0.05). Before, immediately after, and 1 h after the self-paced run, the participants performed CMJs to evaluate lower limb neuromuscular fatigue. CMJ height was reduced by 7.0% (2.3 ± 2.4 cm) at 1 h after the race (p < 0.05) compared to pre-exercise values; environmental conditions did not influence this reduction. In conclusion, despite the reduced endurance performance, higher perceived exertion, and transiently augmented TCORE caused by environmental heat stress, post-exercise neuromuscular fatigue is similar between temperate and hot conditions. This finding suggests that the higher external load (faster speed) at 25°C compensates for the effects of more significant perceptual responses at 35°C in inducing neuromuscular fatigue.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced running performance and greater perceived exertion, but similar post-exercise neuromuscular fatigue in tropical natives subjected to a 10 km self-paced run in a hot compared to a temperate environment

Rodrigues,

Mendes,

Gomes

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

Self Cite

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“…Similarly, the value of the "set-point" changes during exercise, i. e. the system is operating at a higher temperature steady state during exercise as compared to resting conditions (2,5,7). Moreover, additional factors importantly affect the value of the "setpoint", such as the circadian rhythm (6,16), and sex as well as the phase of the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women (17)(18)(19), consequently also impacting exercise performance.…”

Section: Central Thermoreceptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased SkBF and sweating rate persist also far in the recovery period after exercise cessation, depending on the duration and intensity of exercise and the production of heat, until all additional heat is eliminated and the resting temperature steady state is achieved (16,45,(52)(53)(54).…”

Section: Evaporation-related Heat Loss During Exercise Is Increased B...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physiology of Thermoregulation in Exercise

Lenasi

Šijanec²

2023

Southeast. Eur. med. j. (Online)

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During physical exercise, the production of heat in the working skeletal muscles increases, imposing heat stress on the body. Thermoregulatory mechanisms induce adjustments of cutaneous vascular conductance and thus skin blood flow (SkBF), sweating rate, and increased cardiac output to achieve thermal homeostasis. The response depends on the intensity, type, duration of exercise, and environmental temperature: during extreme exercise in a hot environment SkBF can attain up to 7 L/min compared to 300 mL/min at rest whereas the sweating rate can reach as high as 4 L/h. Due to opposing non-thermal reflexes, the thermoregulatory response of SkBF during exercise differs from that at rest: the threshold to induce vasodilation in the skin is shifted to higher body core temperature and the sensitivity of the “SkBF to-core temperature” slope is altered. Regular training induces better adaptations to physical stress which enable sportsmen to eliminate additional heat more optimally. The review emphasizes physiological mechanisms involved in thermoregulation during exercise and exposes some thoughts regarding the estimation t of the core temperature in humans, as well as some new approaches for an up-to-date assessment of parameters important for appropriate heat dissipation thereby maintaining core temperature.

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“…The term ‘warm-up’ suggests elevation of the body temperature [ 5 , 7 , 8 , 22 – 24 ], which is perhaps the first thing that comes to mind when discussing the subject. However, elevation of temperature per se is not very useful in guiding the design and structure of a warm-up, since nearly any active protocol can be used effectively as a warm-up, such as dynamic stretching, PAP, and multimodal protocols (e.g., FIFA 11 +) [ 2 , 3 , 25 ].…”

Section: What Is the Warm-up Used For?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The goals delineated so far (i.e., the elevation of body temperature, neuromuscular and mental readiness, special preparation for athletes with pathologies or recovering from injuries) can be trimmed down to a simple statement: the warm-up is expected to prepare the athletes for performing in the subsequent training session or competition [ 1 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 14 , 17 , 22 , 25 ].…”

Section: What Is the Warm-up Used For?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the ‘Whys’ and ‘Hows’ of the Warm-Up: Are We Asking the Right Questions?

Afonso,

Brito,

Abade

et al. 2023

Sports Med

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The warm-up is considered beneficial for increasing body temperature, stimulating the neuromuscular system and overall preparing the athletes for the demands of training sessions and competitions. Even when warm-up–derived benefits are slight and transient, they may still benefit preparedness for subsequent efforts. However, sports training and competition performance are highly affected by contextual factors (e.g., how is the opponent acting?), and it is not always clear what should be the preferred warm-up modalities, structure and load for each athlete and context. Further, we propose that the warm-up can also be used as a pedagogical and training moment. The warm-up may serve several different (albeit complementary) goals (e.g., rising body temperature, neuromuscular activation, attentional focus) and be performed under a plethora of different structures, modalities, and loads. The current commentary highlights the warm-up period as an opportunity to teach or improve certain skills or physical capacities, and not only as a preparation for the subsequent efforts. Moreover, the (justified) call for individualized warm-ups would benefit from educating athletes about exploring different warm-up tasks and loads, providing a broad foundation for future individualization of the warm-up and for more active, engaged, and well-informed participation of the athletes in deciding their own warm-up practices.

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Active warm-up and time-of-day effects on repeated-sprint performance and post-exercise recovery

Cited by 4 publications

References 59 publications

Reduced running performance and greater perceived exertion, but similar post-exercise neuromuscular fatigue in tropical natives subjected to a 10 km self-paced run in a hot compared to a temperate environment

Reduced running performance and greater perceived exertion, but similar post-exercise neuromuscular fatigue in tropical natives subjected to a 10 km self-paced run in a hot compared to a temperate environment

The Physiology of Thermoregulation in Exercise

Revisiting the ‘Whys’ and ‘Hows’ of the Warm-Up: Are We Asking the Right Questions?

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