“…Shape memory effect—resulted from induced crystalline transformation—has provided excellent features, especially improving the stiffness of structures, so many research works have been carried out to analyze this effect in industrial devices (Asadi et al, 2013; Birman et al, 1996; Damansabz and Taheri-Behrooz, 2019; Kabir and Tehrani, 2017; Karimiasl et al, 2019; Khalili and Ardali, 2013; Nazari et al, 2019).…”