Active tectonics in the Main Boundary Thrust zone, Garhwal Himalaya, as evident from palaeoseismic signatures, morphotectonic features and PSI base ground deformation

Abstract

In the Garhwal Himalaya, the steeply inclined Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) is characterized by landforms that indicate towards tectonic activity in the recent past. Linear active fault trace, sub‐recent fault scarps, strath terrace, uplifted terraces, deflected drainage, and triangular facet cones are some of the morphotectonic evidences of recent tectonic activity along the MBT. The MBT is defined by active fault trace in the form of linear depression and shows a prominent slope break across it. Thrusting of the Lesser Himalayan bedrocks over the colluvial deposits and back tilting of the colluvial deposits are also observed in the MBT zone. The formation of the sag pond and the deposition of the Quaternary lacustrine sediments followed by the deformation of the lacustrine deposits indicate phases of tectonic activities along the MBT. The later phase of deformation is represented by the folded lacustrine and colluvial deposits, where the amplitude of the fold measures about 3 m‐high and the deformed section measures about 23 m in length. The ongoing deformation patterns of the MBT zone have also been monitored with the help of Synthetic Aperture Radar‐based time series analysis. We used Sentinel‐1C dataset in ascending direction with polarization of the VV+ VH acquired between December 2, 2017 to September 7, 2021 to identify phase changes caused by ongoing active deformation. The Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) result based on Sentinel‐1A suggests that the Dehradun–Mussoorie and adjoining region has undergone an average deformation of 5.5 to −11 mm/year and the ground displacement of 1.5 to −3.8 cm. The time series analysis reveals that the Mussoorie hills in the MBT zone have higher rate of deformation.

Assessment of Active Ground Subsidence in the Dibrugarh and Digboi Areas of Assam, Northeast India, Using the PSInSAR Technique

“…We applied the PSInSAR technique to measure subsidence around the Dibrugarh and Digboi areas. To achieve millimeter-level accuracy in the deformation rates with respect to height differences and correlation with the external USGS SRTM 1-arc second (30 m) resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), it becomes necessary through the PSInSAR approach to analyze radar data sets of longer timeframes in a continuous mode [31,54,55] (Figure 3).…”

“…We applied the PSInSAR technique to measure subsidence around the Dibrugarh and Digboi areas. To achieve millimeter-level accuracy in the deformation rates with respect to height differences and correlation with the external USGS SRTM 1-arc second (30 m) resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), it becomes necessary through the PSInSAR approach to analyze radar data sets of longer timeframes in a continuous mode [31,54,55] (Figure 3). Data from SENTINEL-1A C-band "Interferometric Wide (IW) swath", with single and dual polarization VV and VV+VH, respectively, obtained in an ascending direction, were used to track ground subsidence between 2015 and 2022.…”

“…In the current study, we examined radar data from the year 2015 to 2022. To maintain the coherence of the data set, the "Single Look Complexes (SLC)" images were used after carefully examining the distribution of the temporal baseline [7,55,56]. The one arc-second DEM was used for the production of interferogram and to eliminate the topographic phase correction (Figure 3).…”