Active tectonic deformation along rejuvenated faults in tropical Borneo: Inferences obtained from tectono-geomorphic evaluation

Mathew, Manoj Joseph; Menier, David; Siddiqui, Numair A.; Kumar, Shashi Gaurav; Authémayou, Christine

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.05.016

Cited by 46 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…Although Sabah's active tectonic setting remains unclear, recent GPS analyses suggest that the region is moving slowly westward relative to the stable Sunda block at a rate of just a few mm/year (e.g., Simons et al 2007;Mustafar et al 2014). This slow convergence between Sabah and the part of the Sunda block beneath the South China Sea, together with recent geomorphic analyses implies that Sabah is dominated by contractional tectonics (e.g., Mathew et al 2016). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

The 2015 M w 6.0 Mt. Kinabalu earthquake: an infrequent fault rupture within the Crocker fault system of East Malaysia

et al. 2017

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The M w 6.0 Mt. Kinabalu earthquake of 2015 was a complete (and deadly) surprise, because it occurred well away from the nearest plate boundary in a region of very low historical seismicity. Our seismological, space geodetic, geomorphological, and field investigations show that the earthquake resulted from rupture of a northwest-dipping normal fault that did not reach the surface. Its unilateral rupture was almost directly beneath 4000-m-high Mt. Kinabalu and triggered widespread slope failures on steep mountainous slopes, which included rockfalls that killed 18 hikers. Our seismological and morphotectonic analyses suggest that the rupture occurred on a normal fault that splays upwards off of the previously identified normal Marakau fault. Our mapping of tectonic landforms reveals that these faults are part of a 200-km-long system of normal faults that traverse the eastern side of the Crocker Range, parallel to Sabah's northwestern coastline. Although the tectonic reason for this active normal fault system remains unclear, the lengths of the longest fault segments suggest that they are capable of generating magnitude 7 earthquakes. Such large earthquakes must occur very rarely, though, given the hitherto undetectable geodetic rates of active tectonic deformation across the region.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

The 2015 M w 6.0 Mt. Kinabalu earthquake: an infrequent fault rupture within the Crocker fault system of East Malaysia

et al. 2017

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“…Selected geomorphic indices that characterize drainage basin in terms of the basin's extent, shape, and relief (Horton, 1932(Horton, , 1945Strahler, 1952aStrahler, , 1952bStrahler, , 1957Strahler, , 1964Smith, 1950;Miller, 1953;Schumm, 1956;Chopra, Dhiman, & Sharma, 2005;Kouli, 1953;Kouli, Vallianatos, Soupios, & Alexakis, 2007) and help assess maturity and equilibrium stages Pérez-Peña, Azañón, Booth-Rea, et al, 2009;Nexer et al, 2015), and evaluating the behaviour of the basin caused by tectonic deformation and and/or climatic forcings (Shary, 2006;Esper Angillieri, 2008;Markose & Jayappa, 2011;Horacio, 2014;Mathew, Menier, Siddiqui, Kumar, & Authemayou, 2016;Manoj et al 2016;Menier et al, 2017) are considered for the present study. In addition, the indices such as longitudinal profile, asymmetry factor, hypsometric integral, mountain front sinuosity, river sinuosity, stream length gradient, and shape factor were also utilized in order to understand how the topography responds to the tectonic deformation.…”

Section: Geomorphometric Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tectono‐morphological evolution of the Cauvery, Vaigai, and Thamirabarani River basins: Implications on timing, stratigraphic markers, relative roles of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and transience of Southern Indian landscape

et al. 2019

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Peninsular India is an amalgam of transient landscapes evolved from the interactions between tectonic and climatic forcings. In order to appraise the tectono‐geomorphic evolution of South India, it is essential to understand the relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic processes and their geomorphic expressions at a river basin scale. Seven geomorphometric parameters, namely, longitudinal profile (Lp), asymmetry factor (Af), hypsometric curve and hypsometric integral (HI), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), river sinuosity (R), stream length gradient (Sl), and shape factor (Shp) were calculated for selected drainage basins of South India. Spatial analyses of these parameters in the light of systematic field mapping were attempted in this study. The results show the occurrences of southern sub‐basins with convex hypsometric curves indicating a youth stage and significant tectonic influence. The low and moderate Smf values within the basins are indicative of mountain fronts witnessing a high level of tectonic activity. The net effects of tectonic and geomorphometric processes are inferred to have been the responses of anti‐clockwise rotation of the Indian Plate and ridge uplift‐push from west. Directional change in Thamirabarani River Basin and drainage channel reorganizations in the Cauvery and Vaigai River basins stand testimony to these, among others. Amidst these, occurrences of tectonically quiescent regions and multiple incisions by river channels and flow of modern river channels in inherited palaeovalleys but on tangent directions of ancient flows are also observed. Five stages of landscape development are envisaged: First, inheritance of river basins from palaeodrainage systems; second, reversal of river flow directions during early part of Cenozoic and inception of evolution of modern river systems; third, during Miocene–Pliocene; fourth, during Pleistocene–Early Holocene; and fifth, during the Holocene–Anthropocene. The recent resurgence of tectonics is not only reflected in the shifting of axial rivers, but is also evidenced by seismicity and landslides/faulting. Together, transient nature of the Southern Indian Plate, first‐order control of tectonics, followed by climate and lithology over landscape evolution, inheritance of river valleys, synonymy of river basin responses to intrinsic and extrinsic geomorphic processes, however with unique signatures and basin‐scale responses, are inferred. Detailed morphometric studies and supplementation with precise age data may fine‐tune the proposed model. According to the model, inheritance of Mesozoic valley/structures during Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, drainage reversal and initiation of Cenozoic–Recent river basin evolution, intense peneplanation during Miocene–Pliocene, intense incision during Pleistocene, periodic climatic extremes during Early Cenozoic, Palaeocene–Eocene, Oligocene and corresponding pedogenesis, and terrace formation and sedimentation have been recognized. Based on the numerical ages and documentation of basin‐scale distribution of s...

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“…Drainage basin asymmetry. Tectonic tilting of the surface can cause a deflection of the stream channel away from the midline of drainage basin toward one of its sides (e.g., Keller and Pinter, 2002;Mathew et al, 2016). The Transverse Topographic Symmetry Index (TTSI) and Asymmetry Factor are commonly used to differentiate between symmetric and asymmetric drainage basins and to identify whether they had experienced by a possible tectonic tilting (Cox, 1994;Cox et al, 2001;Garrote et al, 2006;Keller and Pinter, 2002;Mahmood and Gloaguen, 2011;Sboras et al, 2010;Tsodoulos et al, 2008).…”

Section: Drainage Catchment Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Tectonics controls on fluvial landscapes and drainage development in the westernmost part of Switzerland: Insights from DEM-derived geomorphic indices

Radaideh

Mosar

2019

Tectonophysics

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A B S T R A C TThis work focuses particularly on the geomorphological evidence for the tectonic controls on the development of the present-day fluvial landscapes in the westernmost part of Switzerland. The tectonic deformation was evaluated on the basis of a combined analysis of several classical geomorphic indices (hypsometric curves and integrals, transverse topographic symmetry index, and channel's bottom gradients) through high-precision DEM processing. A new optimization strategy was applied for defining geomorphic anomalies related to tectonic activity along the channels of three rivers, based on a combined investigation of topographic swath, longitudinal profiles, geological and geophysical observations. The results show that the abnormally high values of hypsometric integral are spatially occurred on the hanging walls of thrust faults, while abnormally low ones are spatially observed in the same locations of paleo-ice stream pathways. Observations obtained from transverse topographic symmetry index display asymmetries in the most of the studied drainage basins with a predominant SE direction of lateral migration. This direction is in agreement with the dominant dip-direction of the bedding planes within the study area. Abnormal changes in the channel's bottom gradients, which almost coincide in space with pronounced change in the depth of the subsurface geologic layers and in the geophysical properties, are marked by distinct topographic relief in areas where rivers flow above blind and emergent faults. Our analysis not only confirms that there is a significant tectonic control on the evolution of drainage systems, but also revealed a possible evidence for the reactivation of some inherited faults.

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Active tectonic deformation along rejuvenated faults in tropical Borneo: Inferences obtained from tectono-geomorphic evaluation

Cited by 46 publications

References 62 publications

The 2015 M w 6.0 Mt. Kinabalu earthquake: an infrequent fault rupture within the Crocker fault system of East Malaysia

The 2015 M w 6.0 Mt. Kinabalu earthquake: an infrequent fault rupture within the Crocker fault system of East Malaysia

Tectono‐morphological evolution of the Cauvery, Vaigai, and Thamirabarani River basins: Implications on timing, stratigraphic markers, relative roles of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and transience of Southern Indian landscape

Tectonics controls on fluvial landscapes and drainage development in the westernmost part of Switzerland: Insights from DEM-derived geomorphic indices

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