Active sleep and its role in the prevention of apoptosis in the developing brain

Morrissey, Michael; Duntley, Stephen P.; Anch, A. Michael; Nonneman, Randal J.

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2004.01.014

Cited by 56 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Brain activity occurring during NREM sleep and REM sleep seems to be particularly important during the post-natal period for the development of neural circuitries (Marks et al, 1995; Frank et al, 2001; Jha et al, 2005a; Aton et al, 2009). REM sleep loss during development decreases total brain mass later in life (Mirmiran et al, 1983a,b) and also abnormally alters neuronal excitability (Madan and Mallick, 2011), which may cause neuronal loss (Morrissey et al, 2004). Further, it has been noted that REM sleep and/or its associative components such as pontine P-wave density (PGO wave) are augmented following successful learning in the rat (Datta, 2000).…”

Section: Why Do We Need Uninterrupted But Composite Bimodal Sleep?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Moderate Increase of Physiological CO2 in a Critical Range during Stable NREM Sleep Episode: A Potential Gateway to REM Sleep

Madan¹,

Jha²

2012

Front. Neur.

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Sleep is characterized as rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Studies suggest that wake-related neurons in the basal forebrain, posterior hypothalamus and brainstem, and NREM sleep-related neurons in the anterior-hypothalamic area inhibit each other, thus alternating sleep–wakefulness. Similarly, pontine REM-ON and REM-OFF neurons reciprocally inhibit each other for REM sleep modulation. It has been proposed that inhibition of locus coeruleus (LC) REM-OFF neurons is pre-requisite for REM sleep genesis, but it remains ambiguous how REM-OFF neurons are hyperpolarized at REM sleep onset. The frequency of breathing pattern remains high during wake, slows down during NREM sleep but further escalates during REM sleep. As a result, brain CO2 level increases during NREM sleep, which may alter REM sleep manifestation. It has been reported that hypocapnia decreases REM sleep while hypercapnia increases REM sleep periods. The groups of brainstem chemosensory neurons, including those present in LC, sense the alteration in CO2 level and respond accordingly. For example, one group of LC neurons depolarize while other hyperpolarize during hypercapnia. In another group, hypercapnia initially depolarizes but later hyperpolarizes LC neurons. Besides chemosensory functions, LC REM-OFF neurons are an integral part of REM sleep executive machinery. We reason that increased CO2 level during a stable NREM sleep period may hyperpolarize LC neurons including REM-OFF, which may help initiate REM sleep. We propose that REM sleep might act as a sentinel to help maintain normal CO2 level for unperturbed sleep.

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Section: Why Do We Need Uninterrupted But Composite Bimodal Sleep?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Moderate Increase of Physiological CO2 in a Critical Range during Stable NREM Sleep Episode: A Potential Gateway to REM Sleep

Madan¹,

Jha²

2012

Front. Neur.

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“…All animal species present some form of sleep (or rest , which is considered as the sleep equivalent in reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates), and all need recovery sleep when staying awake longer than usual (i.e., increased sleep pressure) (Cirelli and Tononi, 2008). Sleep contributes to several basic physiological functions pertaining to immunity, hormonal regulation, thermoregulation, and ontogenesis, for example (Morrissey et al, 2004; Van Cauter et al, 2008; Opp, 2009). Conversely, sleep deprivation has deleterious consequences, like increased blood pressure, increased risk for diabetes, obesity, decrease of growth hormones (Van Cauter et al, 2008), and can even be fatal (e.g., in flies and rats) (Rechtschaffen and Bergmann, 2001; Cirelli and Tononi, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep and dreaming are for important matters

Perogamvros¹,

Dang‐Vu²,

Desseilles³

et al. 2013

Front. Psychol.

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Recent studies in sleep and dreaming have described an activation of emotional and reward systems, as well as the processing of internal information during these states. Specifically, increased activity in the amygdala and across mesolimbic dopaminergic regions during REM sleep is likely to promote the consolidation of memory traces with high emotional/motivational value. Moreover, coordinated hippocampal-striatal replay during NREM sleep may contribute to the selective strengthening of memories for important events. In this review, we suggest that, via the activation of emotional/motivational circuits, sleep and dreaming may offer a neurobehavioral substrate for the offline reprocessing of emotions, associative learning, and exploratory behaviors, resulting in improved memory organization, waking emotion regulation, social skills, and creativity. Dysregulation of such motivational/emotional processes due to sleep disturbances (e.g., insomnia, sleep deprivation) would predispose to reward-related disorders, such as mood disorders, increased risk-taking and compulsive behaviors, and may have major health implications, especially in vulnerable populations.

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“…It occupies as much as one-third of human's live span. The major functions of sleep included physical restoration (Opp, 2009;Schütz et al, 2009;Zager et al, 2007), energy conservation (Amaranath, 2015;WebSciences International, 2015), preservation and protection (Amaranath, 2015;WebSciences International, 2015), memory processing and learning (Gradisar et al, 2008;Turner et al, 2007), and brain development (Morrissey et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%