Active sensing in groups: (what) do bats hear in the sonar cocktail party nightmare?

Abstract

Active sensing animals perceive their surroundings by emitting probes of energy and analyzing how the environment modulates these probes. However, the probes of conspecifics can jam active sensing, which should cause problems for groups of active sensing animals. This problem was termed the cocktail party nightmare for echolocating bats: as bats listen for the faint returning echoes of their loud calls, these echoes will be masked by the loud calls of other close-by bats. Despite this problem, many bats echolocate in groups and roost socially. Here, we present a biologically parametrized framework to quantify echo detection in groups. Incorporating known properties of echolocation, psychoacoustics, spatial acoustics and group flight, we quantify how well bats flying in groups can detect each other despite jamming. A focal bat in the center of a group can detect neighbors for group sizes of up to 100 bats. With increasing group size, fewer and only the closest and frontal neighbors are detected. Neighbor detection is improved for longer call intervals, shorter call durations, denser groups and more variable flight and sonar beam directions. Our results provide the first quantification of the sensory input of echolocating bats in collective group flight, such as mating swarms or emergences. Our results further generate predictions on the sensory strategies bats may use to reduce jamming in the cocktail party nightmare. Lastly, we suggest that the spatially limited sensory field of echolocators leads to limited interactions within a group, so that collective behavior is achieved by following only nearest neighbors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTClose-by active sensing animals may interfere with each other. We investigated if and what many echolocators fly in a group hear – can they detect each other after all? We modelled acoustic and physical properties in group echolocation to quantify neighbor detection probability as group size increases. Echolocating bats can detect at least one of their closest neighbors per call up to group sizes of even 100 bats. Call parameters such as call rate and call duration play a strong role in how much echolocators in a group interfere with each other. Even when many bats fly together, they are indeed able to detect at least their nearest frontal neighbors – and this prevents them from colliding into one another.