Active liberation of reproductive units in terrestrial fungi

Ingold, C.T.

doi:10.1016/s0269-915x(99)80040-8

Cited by 23 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Spores are often released by active processes such as osmotic pressure 'cannons' and surface-tension catapults (e.g. Buller's Drop; Ingold, 1971;Lacey, 1996;Ingold, 1999;Pringle et al, 2005). Spores can be released as a part of the sexual and/or asexual morph (stage) of the lifecycle of a fungus, and many species are able to produce spores from both stages.…”

Section: Fungal Spores and Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

Després¹,

Huffman

Burrows³

et al. 2012

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

1,176

1,114

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A B S T R A C T Atmospheric aerosol particles of biological origin are a very diverse group of biological materials and structures, including microorganisms, dispersal units, fragments and excretions of biological organisms. In recent years, the impact of biological aerosol particles on atmospheric processes has been studied with increasing intensity, and a wealth of new information and insights has been gained. This review outlines the current knowledge on major categories of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP): bacteria and archaea, fungal spores and fragments, pollen, viruses, algae and cyanobacteria, biological crusts and lichens and others like plant or animal fragments and detritus. We give an overview of sampling methods and physical, chemical and biological techniques for PBAP analysis (cultivation, microscopy, DNA/RNA analysis, chemical tracers, optical and mass spectrometry, etc.). Moreover, we address and summarise the current understanding and open questions concerning the influence of PBAP on the atmosphere and climate, i.e. their optical properties and their ability to act as ice nuclei (IN) or cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). We suggest that the following research activities should be pursued in future studies of atmospheric biological aerosol particles: (1) develop efficient and reliable analytical techniques for the identification and quantification of PBAP; (2) apply advanced and standardised techniques to determine the abundance and diversity of PBAP and their seasonal variation at regional and global scales (atmospheric biogeography); (3) determine the emission rates, optical properties, IN and CCN activity of PBAP in field measurements and laboratory experiments; (4) use field and laboratory data to constrain numerical models of atmospheric transport, transformation and climate effects of PBAP.

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Section: Fungal Spores and Fragmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

Després¹,

Huffman

Burrows³

et al. 2012

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

1,176

1,114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The reproduction of fungi proceeds via budding (asexual) or sporulation (sexual or asexual), and fungal spores or conidia (asexual spores generated by mitosis) are dispersed via a variety of mechanisms (Buller, 1909(Buller, -1950Ingold, 1971;Lacey, 1996;Ingold, 1999). In this study, the term "spores" refers to both sexual spores and asexual spores (conidia), unless mentioned otherwise.…”

Section: Fungal Species and Discharge Of Fungal Sporesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At high relative humidity they both grow by hygroscopic uptake of water vapor. Upon reaching a size comparable to the spore, Buller's drop and the liquid film merge, and the generated momentum propels the spore, enveloped by the liquid, away from the basidium -typically over distances of 0.1-1.5 mm (Webster et al, 1989;Turner and Webster, 1995;Ingold, 1997Ingold, , 1999Pringle et al, 2005b) (http://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/ spore-discharge-mushrooms.html).…”

Section: Actively Wet Spore Discharging Basidiomycota (Abm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several other fungal species also actively discharge their propagating units with liquid jets or droplets, but not via the mechanisms specified above, e.g., Basidiobolus, Conidiobolus, Entomophtora, Pilobolus (ZM) and Sphaerobolus stellatus (BM) (Buller, 1909;Couch, 1939;Page, 1964;Ingold, 1999;Ribes et al, 2000). The chemical composition of these liquids is, however, not known, and the occurrence of spores from these species in air samples has been reported much less frequently.…”

Section: Actively Wet Spore Discharging Basidiomycota (Abm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions

et al. 2007

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Abstract. Biogenic aerosols play important roles in atmospheric chemistry physics, the biosphere, climate, and public health. Here, we show that fungi which actively discharge their spores with liquids into the air, in particular actively wet spore discharging Ascomycota (AAM) and actively wet spore discharging Basidiomycota (ABM), are a major source of primary biogenic aerosol particles and components. We present the first estimates for the global average emission rates of fungal spores.Measurement results and budget calculations based on investigations in Amazonia (Balbina, Brazil, July 2001) indicate that the spores of AAM and ABM may account for a large proportion of coarse particulate matter in tropical rainforest regions during the wet season (0.7-2.3 µg m −3 ). For the particle diameter range of 1-10 µm, the estimated proportions are ∼25% during day-time, ∼45% at night, and ∼35% on average. For the sugar alcohol mannitol, the budget calculations indicate that it is suitable for use as a molecular tracer for actively wet discharged basidiospores (ABS). ABM emissions seem to account for most of the atmospheric abundance of mannitol (10-68 ng m −3 ), and can explain the observed diurnal cycle (higher abundance at night). ABM emissions of hexose carbohydrates might also account for a significant proportion of glucose and fructose in air particulate matter (7-49 ng m −3 ), but the literature-derived ratios are not consistent with the observed diurnal cycle (lower abundance at night). AAM emissions appear to account for a large proportion of potassium in air particulate matter over tropical rainforest regions during the wet season (17-43 ng m −3 ), and they can also explain the observed diurnal cycle (higher abundance at night). The results of our investigations and budget calculations for tropical rainforCorrespondence to: W. Elbert (elbert@mpch-mainz.mpg.de) est aerosols are consistent with measurements performed at other locations.Based on the average abundance of mannitol reported for extratropical continental boundary layer air (∼25 ng m −3 ), we have also calculated a value of ∼17 Tg yr −1 as a first estimate for the global average emission rate of ABS over land surfaces, which is consistent with the typically observed concentrations of ABS (∼10 3 -10 4 m −3 ; ∼0.1-1 µg m −3 ). The global average atmospheric abundance and emission rate of total fungal spores, including wet and dry discharged species, are estimated to be higher by a factor of about three, i.e. ∼1 µg m −3 and ∼50 Tg yr −1 . Comparisons with estimated rates of emission and formation of other major types of organic aerosol (∼47 Tg yr −1 of anthropogenic primary organic aerosol; 12-70 Tg yr −1 of secondary organic aerosol) indicate that emissions from fungi should be taken into account as a significant global source of organic aerosol. The effects of fungal spores and related chemical components might be particularly important in tropical regions, where both physicochemical processes in the atmosphere and biological activity at the Earth's sur...

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“…The role of macrofungi as a strong source of fungal spores in the atmosphere has been investigated using the Gaussian plume model (GPM) [44,45] for standard atmospheric conditions. Here, it is assumed that the source (a spore emission rate of 540 spores cm -2 s -1 [46]) is located 10 cm above the ground and that the spore concentrations were derived within a vicinity of 100 m and up to a height of 10 m (PM 10 sampling was performed at a height of 10 m in the same location during the same study period; however, the PM 10 results are not shown here).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrestrial Macrofungal Diversity from the Tropical Dry Evergreen Biome of Southern India and Its Potential Role in Aerobiology

et al. 2017

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Macrofungi have long been investigated for various scientific purposes including their food and medicinal characteristics. Their role in aerobiology as a fraction of the primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs), however, has been poorly studied. In this study, we present a source of macrofungi with two different but interdependent objectives: (i) to characterize the macrofungi from a tropical dry evergreen biome in southern India using advanced molecular techniques to enrich the database from this region, and (ii) to assess whether identified species of macrofungi are a potential source of atmospheric PBAPs. From the DNA analysis, we report the diversity of the terrestrial macrofungi from a tropical dry evergreen biome robustly supported by the statistical analyses for diversity conclusions. A total of 113 macrofungal species belonging to 54 genera and 23 families were recorded, with Basidiomycota and Ascomycota constituting 96% and 4% of the species, respectively. The highest species richness was found in the family Agaricaceae (25.3%) followed by Polyporaceae (15.3%) and Marasmiaceae (10.8%). The difference in the distribution of commonly observed macrofungal families over this location was compared with other locations in India (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and West Bengal) using two statistical tests. The distributions of the terrestrial macrofungi were distinctly different in each ecosystem. We further attempted to demonstrate the potential role of terrestrial macrofungi as a source of PBAPs in ambient air. In our opinion, the findings from this ecosystem of India will enhance our understanding of the distribution, diversity, ecology, and biological prospects of terrestrial macrofungi as well as their potential to contribute to airborne fungal aerosols.

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Active liberation of reproductive units in terrestrial fungi

Cited by 23 publications

References 12 publications

Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review

Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions

Terrestrial Macrofungal Diversity from the Tropical Dry Evergreen Biome of Southern India and Its Potential Role in Aerobiology

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