“…Most of the real structures involved complex geometry and nonlinear material behaviours that required a computationally demanding finite element (FE) analysis or other numerical techniques for response evaluation. Different metamodeling approaches e.g., response surface method (RSM) [5,6], radial basis functions networks (RBFN) [7], polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) [8,9], multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) [10], Kriging method [11,12], artificial neural networks (ANN) [13,14], etc., were developed to address the computational challenge of large complex SRA problems. However, such metamodels were developed following the empirical risk minimization principle.…”