Active ingredients from oil by-products modulate spleen inflammatory and antioxidant response in pigs

Abstract

Grape seed cakes (GSC) resulted from grape seed oil extraction represent a by-product rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibres, minerals, vitamins etc known for their beneficial anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidative and immune-modulatory effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of dietary grape seed cakes bioactive compounds on several anti-inflammatory and antioxidative biomarkers in spleen of pigs during fattening phase. Twelve crossbred TOPIG hybrid fattening pigs were allocated to two experimental treatments: 1) commercial diet (control group) and 2) a diet including 5% grape seed cakes (GSC group) for 24 days. At the end of experimental period (day 24) pigs were sacrificed and spleen samples were collected and stored at –80°C until analysis. The results showed that GSC diet lowered the gene expression as well as the protein concentration of pro-inflammatory markers: interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β, -52.66%, p<0.05) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ, -42.13%, p<0.05) and had a tendency to decrease that of interleukin 6 (IL-6, -13.25%), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, -9.06%) and interleukin 8 (IL-8, -11.08%) when compared to control diet confirming the anti-inflammatory properties of GSC’s active ingredients. The total splenic antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes (catalase-CAT and glutathione peroxidase-GPx) were higher in spleen of pigs fed GSC diet than in control group suggesting also the antioxidative potential of GSC. The results related to the molecular mechanism showed a higher expression of gene encoding for PPAR-γ and for Nrf2 in spleen of pigs receiving the GSC diet (Fc 1.81 and 1.58) suggesting that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of this diet is probably exerted by PPAR-γ and Nrf2 pathway. Further, other percent of dietary GSC inclusion need to be investigated in order to obtain a more complex response related to biomarkers which characterise the fattening/obesity process.

Polyphenols: Bioavailability, Microbiome Interactions and Cellular Effects on Health in Humans and Animals

“…Improvements to daily weight gain, as well as dry matter and nitrogen digestion have also been observed in pigs fed grape pomace [ 224 ]. A separate study examined the effects of grape seed cakes (made with 5% grape seed oil extract) fed to fattening pigs, finding that they lowered the expression of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1B, IL-6, -8, interferon-gamma [IFN-y] and TNF-α) in spleen tissue, while increasing concentrations of anti-oxidants (e.g., GPx and CAT) [ 225 ]. In sows, grape seed extract supplemented in diet was found to increase immunoglobin and hormonal activity (progesterone and estradiol levels), and overall survivability of their piglets following gestational and weaning periods [ 226 ].…”

Response of antioxidant status in kidney of pigs exposed to aflatoxin B1 to dietary grape seed meal

“…For instance, grape pomace has been reported as a new potentially efficient bio-sorbent for the removal of mycotoxins from liquid media (Avantaggiato et al, 2014). Similarly, grape seed cakes and grape seed meal (GSM) that are obtained from the oil extraction from grape seeds is a by-products rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which possess anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antioxidative and immune-modulatory activities (Taranu et al, 2020a(Taranu et al, , 2020b. More recently, the successful evaluation of adsorption efficacy was investigated on AFB1, among other tested mycotoxins, using chitosan which mediated its removal from palm kernel cake (Abbasi Pirouz et al, 2020).…”