Active immunization with a Coxsackievirus A16 experimental inactivated vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and protects mice against lethal infection

Comparative study of the immunogenicity in mice and monkeys of an inactivated CA16 vaccine made from a human diploid cell line

“…21 Nevertheless, whether such a secondary infection is due to a different viral strain or an abnormal immune response initiated during the first Recently, some studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the inactivated CA16 vaccine candidate in a murine infection model. 12 Our current study provides further evidence for a protective immune response that offers cross-neutralization antibody reactivity in mice. Our study also provides evidence for the protective efficacy induced in suckling mice born from immunized maternal mice against lethal challenge with viral strains of different genotypes.…”

“…(B) G10 challenge group: 400 eU × 2n (n = 12-13), 200 eU × 2n (n = 10-11), 100 eU × 2n (n = 10-11), 50 eU × 2n (n = 12-15), 25 eU × 2n (n = 11-16), 12.5 eU × 2n (n = 13-15), n.c × 2n (n = 10-12). (C) Ma154 challenge group: 400 eU × 2n (n = 10-11), 200 eU × 2n (n = 12-13), 100 eU × 2n (n = 10-13), 50 eU × 2n (n = 12-13), 25 eU × 2n (n = 11-15), 12.5 eU × 2n (n = 10-13), n.c × 2n (n = [12][13][14] monkeys, the considerably higher antibody GMTs most likely exhibited a cross-neutralization ability to different genotype viral strains rather than the lower antibody GMTs; this is an essential issue to consider when determining the antigen dosage for the development of candidate inactivated CA16 vaccines.…”

“…9 As a result, inactivated or subunit vaccines are believed to be a feasible alternative for preventing CA16 infection due to their controllable safety compared with that of attenuated vaccines. [10][11][12] Recently, it has been reported that an experimental, inactivated CA16 vaccine candidate provides effective protection against CA16 infection by inducing a neutralizing antibody response in mice; this response was demonstrated using an immunological analysis (neutralizing antibodies assay and lethal challenge analysis). 12 Although some studies report that mice could be a candidate model for HFMD, the characterization of this immune response in different animal models (especially in primates, who share a close relationship to humans) would provide more support for these studies.…”

“…[10][11][12] Recently, it has been reported that an experimental, inactivated CA16 vaccine candidate provides effective protection against CA16 infection by inducing a neutralizing antibody response in mice; this response was demonstrated using an immunological analysis (neutralizing antibodies assay and lethal challenge analysis). 12 Although some studies report that mice could be a candidate model for HFMD, the characterization of this immune response in different animal models (especially in primates, who share a close relationship to humans) would provide more support for these studies. 13 In this study, we characterized the immune response of mice and rhesus monkeys induced by an experimental inactivated vaccine prepared from CA16 virus that was adapted to grow in a human diploid cell line.…”

Cryo-Electron Microscopy Study of Insect Cell-Expressed Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 Virus-Like Particles Provides a Structural Basis for Vaccine Development

“…Various candidates against EV71 or CA16 virus, including inactivated vaccines (3,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22), live attenuated vaccines (23,24), subunit vaccines based on the VP1 protein (25), virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34), and epitopebased vaccines (35)(36)(37)(38)(39), were shown to possess various levels of efficacy in animal studies or human clinical trials. In particular, inactivated EV71 vaccines showed promising results against EV71-associated diseases in recent phase 3 clinical studies conducted in mainland China (20)(21)(22).…”