Active immunization against poliomyelitis

Cox, Herald R.

doi:10.1007/bf02343945

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In the past, vaccines were designed without an exact understanding of the mechanism(s) responsible for disease pathogenesis; this was done by selecting for candidates that reduced viremia and elicited strong antibody responses (Cox, 1953; Togo, 1964). Unfortunately this approach has failed with DV, a pathogen that does not elicit strong humoral immunity in natural infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can non-human primates serve as models for investigating dengue disease pathogenesis?

et al. 2013

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Dengue Virus (DV) infects between 50 and 100 million people globally, with public health costs totaling in the billions. It is the causative agent of dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), vector-borne diseases that initially predominated in the tropics. Due to the expansion of its mosquito vector, Aedes spp., DV is increasingly becoming a global problem. Infected individuals may present with a wide spectrum of symptoms, spanning from a mild febrile to a life-threatening illness, which may include thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, hepatomegaly, hemorrhaging, plasma leakage and shock. Deciphering the underlining mechanisms responsible for these symptoms has been hindered by the limited availability of animal models that can induce classic human pathology. Currently, several permissive non-human primate (NHP) species and mouse breeds susceptible to adapted DV strains are available. Though virus replication occurs in these animals, none of them recapitulate the cardinal features of human symptomatology, with disease only occasionally observed in NHPs. Recently our group established a DV serotype 2 intravenous infection model with the Indian rhesus macaque, which reliably produced cutaneous hemorrhages after primary virus exposure. Further manipulation of experimental parameters (virus strain, immune cell expansion, depletion, etc.) can refine this model and expand its relevance to human DF. Future goals include applying this model to elucidate the role of pre-existing immunity upon secondary infection and immunopathogenesis. Of note, virus titers in primates in vivo and in vitro, even with our model, have been consistently 1000-fold lower than those found in humans. We submit that an improved model, capable of demonstrating severe pathogenesis may only be achieved with higher virus loads. Nonetheless, our DV coagulopathy disease model is valuable for the study of select pathomechanisms and testing DV drug and vaccine candidates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can non-human primates serve as models for investigating dengue disease pathogenesis?

et al. 2013

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“…The decreasing supply of monkeys during 1950s for vaccine manufacturing urged for the search of other alternative cell substrates [18]. The embryonated chicken eggs that were used during that period for the proliferation of other viruses were also suggested as an alternate to mammalian brain tissue derived vaccines due to its potential risk of allergic encephalitis [18,45]. The Vero cell line is considered for the propagation of a wide variety of viruses and is still in use for the vaccine manufacturing against poliomyelitis [37].…”

Section: Poliovirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Culture-based Viral Vaccines: Current Status and Future Prospects

et al. 2016

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Cell culture-based viral vaccines are used globally to immunize humans against infections. The cell culture is continuous process of developing substrates for the safe production of viral vaccines. However, increased global demand and strict safety rules for novel vaccines to control and eradicate viral diseases have forced researchers and manufacturers toward cell culture-based vaccines. The choice of cell substrate is a critical step that cannot be generalized for every vaccine formulation, therefore, manufacturers intend to optimize the required processes for particular applications. The recently established cell lines, innovative bioreactor concepts and cultivation schemes are necessary to increase the potential of vaccine production. In this review, we have focused on current cell culture-based viral vaccines and their future prospects. KEYWORDSThe use of vaccines to immunize humans and animals from infectious diseases has been documented for many years. Vaccination has been considered as the best operational approach to prevent infectious diseases, therefore, vaccine research and manufacturing is essential for the eradication and prevention of diseases throughout the world. Presently, more than 50 cell culture-based vaccines for human viral infectious agents are being manufactured, with many more at the research or developmental stages. Vaccination involves the administration of inactivated or attenuated infectious agents or subunit vaccines, which delivers the antigenic structures and provokes the adaptive immune system to ensure effective response against particular infections. Another method for the production of viral vaccines, egg-based production, is still the most widely used method to generate approximately 500 million vaccine doses and has been used for more than 60 years [1]. The increased vaccine demand and the potential threats of epidemics and pandemics have boosted the needs to introduce new manufacturing approaches for viral vaccines. The egg-based viral vaccine production is insufficient to fulfill the vaccine demands in cases of epidemics and pandemics due to unavailability of eggs. The egg-based vaccine production is only capable of an estimated yield of one vaccine dosage per one to two eggs. The current manufacturing capacity has to be projected for the production of almost 1420 million doses [1], therefore, it is essential to increase the existing vaccine production by a factor of 1.5 per year to immunize the global population against viral infections that cannot be achieved only by the egg-based system [2]. Therefore, many countries have initiated

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“…Primary chicken cells were already used in the 1920s for virological experiments. They were used in the 1940s and 1950s for propagation of mumps virus, poliovirus and rabies virus (and several veterinary vaccine viruses) and were also proposed as an alternative substrate to mammalian brain tissue-derived vaccines, because the latter carried the risk of inducing allergic encephalitis [26,27,28]. Primary chicken cells also provided substrates for generation of attenuated strains that are important today.…”

Section: Finite Cell Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrix and Backstage: Cellular Substrates for Viral Vaccines

Jordan¹,

Sandig²

2014

Viruses

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Vaccines are complex products that are manufactured in highly dynamic processes. Cellular substrates are one critical component that can have an enormous impact on reactogenicity of the final preparation, level of attenuation of a live virus, yield of infectious units or antigens, and cost per vaccine dose. Such parameters contribute to feasibility and affordability of vaccine programs both in industrialized countries and developing regions. This review summarizes the diversity of cellular substrates for propagation of viral vaccines from primary tissue explants and embryonated chicken eggs to designed continuous cell lines of human and avian origin.

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Active immunization against poliomyelitis

Cited by 5 publications

References 58 publications

Can non-human primates serve as models for investigating dengue disease pathogenesis?

Can non-human primates serve as models for investigating dengue disease pathogenesis?

Cell Culture-based Viral Vaccines: Current Status and Future Prospects

Matrix and Backstage: Cellular Substrates for Viral Vaccines

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