Active halogen compounds and proteinaceous material: loss of activity of topical anti-infectives by halogen consumption

Gottardi, W.; Nagl, Markus

doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01589.x

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Under identical conditions (pH 7, 0·005 mol l −1 active halogen in the presence of 0·05% peptone), HOBr and the N ‐bromine derivatives of isocyanuric acid, and dimethylhydantoine lost 78–80% of the initial oxidation capacity within 1 h, while it was only 54–67% with the analogue N ‐chlorine compounds (Gottardi ). A further study using peptone and foetal calf serum revealed a throughout higher, but very similar consumption behaviour of the active bromine compounds compared to their chlorine analogues (Gottardi and Nagl ). The investigated N ‐chlorine compounds stood out by pronounced reactivity differences, which rank as HOCl > chloroisocyanuric acid > chloramine T > N ‐chlorotaurine, with HOCl showing a 3–4‐fold higher consumption than N ‐chlorotaurine (NCT; Gottardi and Nagl ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…A further study using peptone and foetal calf serum revealed a throughout higher, but very similar consumption behaviour of the active bromine compounds compared to their chlorine analogues (Gottardi and Nagl ). The investigated N ‐chlorine compounds stood out by pronounced reactivity differences, which rank as HOCl > chloroisocyanuric acid > chloramine T > N ‐chlorotaurine, with HOCl showing a 3–4‐fold higher consumption than N ‐chlorotaurine (NCT; Gottardi and Nagl ). The N ‐bromine compounds, on the other hand, revealed a rather uniform reactivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Superior bactericidal activity ofN-bromine compounds compared to theirN-chlorine analogues can be reversed under protein load

2014

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Aims: To investigate and compare the bactericidal activity (BA) of active bromine and chlorine compounds in the absence and presence of protein load. Methods and Results: Quantitative killing tests against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were performed both in the absence and in the presence of peptone with pairs of isosteric active chlorine and bromine compounds: hypochlorous and hypobromous acid (HOCl and HOBr), dichloro-and dibromoisocyanuric acid, chlorantine and bromantine (1,3-dibromo-and 1,3 dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoine), chloramine T and bromamine T (N-chloroand N-bromo-4-methylbenzenesulphonamide sodium), and N-chloro-and N-bromotaurine sodium. To classify the bactericidal activities on a quantitative basis, an empirical coefficient named specific bactericidal activity (SBA), founded on the parameters of killing curves, was defined:SBA ¼ mean log reductions=ðmean exposure times Â concentrationÞIn the absence of peptone, tests with washed micro-organisms revealed a throughout higher BA of bromine compounds with only slight differences between single substances. This was in contrast to chlorine compounds, whose killing times differed by a factor of more than four decimal powers. As a consequence, also the isosteric pairs showed according differences. In the presence of peptone, however, bromine compounds showed an increased loss of BA, which partly caused a reversal of efficacy within isosteric pairs. Conclusions: In medical practice, weakly oxidizing active chlorine compounds like chloramines have the highest potential as topical anti-infectives in the presence of proteinaceous material (mucous membranes, open wounds). Active bromine compounds, on the other hand, have their chance at insensitive body regions with low organic matter, for example skin surfaces. Significance and Impact of the Study: The expected protein load is one of the most important parameters for selection of a suited active halogen compound.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Superior bactericidal activity ofN-bromine compounds compared to theirN-chlorine analogues can be reversed under protein load

2014

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“…However, the mild activity and high tolerability of N-chloro amino acids, particularly NCT, enable application of high concentrations to human tissue, which warrants a sufficient reserve of oxidation capacity despite some reduction (20). This can be of advantage compared with highly reactive oxidants that cause side effects at higher dosages (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bactericidal Activity of N -Chlorotaurine against Biofilm-Forming Bacteria Grown on Metal Disks

Coraça‐Huber

Ammann

Fille

et al. 2014

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Many orthopedic surgeons consider surgical irrigation and debridement with prosthesis retention as a treatment option for postoperative infections. Usually, saline solution with no added antimicrobial agent is used for irrigation. We investigated the activity of N-chlorotaurine (NCT) against various biofilm-forming bacteria in vitro and thereby gained significant information on its usability as a soluble and well-tolerated active chlorine compound in orthopedic surgery. Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus were grown on metal alloy disks and in polystyrene dishes for 48 h. Subsequently, they were incubated for 15 min to 7 h in buffered solutions containing therapeutically applicable concentrations of NCT (1%, 0.5%, and 0.1%; 5.5 to 55 mM) at 37°C. NCT inactivated the biofilm in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopy revealed disturbance of the biofilm architecture by rupture of the extracellular matrix. Assays with reduction of carboxanilide (XTT) showed inhibition of the metabolism of the bacteria in biofilms. Quantitative cultures confirmed killing of S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on metal alloy disks by NCT. Clinical isolates were slightly more resistant than ATCC type strains, but counts of CFU were reduced at least 10-fold by 1% NCT within 15 min in all cases. NCT showed microbicidal activity against various bacterial strains in biofilms. Whether this can be transferred to the clinical situation should be the aim of future studies.

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“…An impressive example concerns NCT and the very reactive hypochlorous acid (HOCl). While the consumption of HOCl is twice as high (45), the bactericidal effect, however, is approximately 10,000-fold higher (51,67,68). This astonishing result can be reduced to both the faster penetration of HOCl and its superior oxidizing activity (see above), which causes immediate inactivation of S-H and S-CH 3 functions of vitally essential enzymes.…”

Section: Nonmicrobicidal Effects Caused By Chloramine Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

N -Chloramines, a Promising Class of Well-Tolerated Topical Anti-Infectives

Gottardi

Debabov

Nagl

2013

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health crisis. To address the development of bacterial resistance, the use of antibiotics has to be minimized for nonsystemic applications in humans, as well as in animals and plants. Possible substitutes with low potential for developing resistance are active chlorine compounds that have been in clinical use for over 180 years. These agents are characterized by pronounced differences in their chlorinating and/or oxidizing activity, with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as the strongest and organic chloramines as the weakest members. Bacterial killing in clinical practice is often associated with unwanted side effects such as chlorine consumption, tissue irritation, and pain, increasing proportionally with the chlorinating/oxidizing potency. Since the chloramines are able to effectively kill pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa), their application as anti-infectives is advisable, all the more so as they exhibit additional beneficial properties such as destruction of toxins, degradation of biofilms, and anticoagulative and anti-inflammatory activities. Within the ample field of chloramines, the stable N-chloro derivatives of ß-aminosulfonic acids are most therapeutically advanced. Being available as sodium salts, they distinguish themselves by good solubility and absence of smell. Important representatives are N-chlorotaurine, a natural compound occurring in the human immune system, and novel mono-and dichloro derivatives of dimethyltaurine, which feature improved stability.

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Active halogen compounds and proteinaceous material: loss of activity of topical anti-infectives by halogen consumption

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

Superior bactericidal activity ofN-bromine compounds compared to theirN-chlorine analogues can be reversed under protein load

Superior bactericidal activity ofN-bromine compounds compared to theirN-chlorine analogues can be reversed under protein load

Bactericidal Activity of N -Chlorotaurine against Biofilm-Forming Bacteria Grown on Metal Disks

N -Chloramines, a Promising Class of Well-Tolerated Topical Anti-Infectives

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