Active Fault and Paleoseismic Studies in Kangra Valley: Evidence of Surface Rupture of a Great Himalayan 1905 Kangra Earthquake (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub> 7.8), Northwest Himalaya, India

Malik, Javed N.; Sahoo, Santiswarup; Satuluri, Sravanthi; Okumura, Koji

doi:10.1785/0120140304

Cited by 52 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The shallow normal faults are probably caused by gravity collapse in the mountains (top of the hanging wall and the wedge, Bilham et al, 2013). However, Szeliga and Bilham (2017) (Malik et al, 2015). This is also in accordance with the fact that the geometry of the shallow structures often closely resemble the geometry of the MHT zone.…”

Section: Local Ramp Structures On the Underthrusting Indian Plate Betmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…All these faults seem to follow the dip of the ramp structure. By geologic mapping and paleoseismic studies, Malik et al (2015) identified an active dextral strike-slip fault in the Kangra Valley (and named it as Kangra Valley Fault) and inferred it to be the surface rupture of the 1905 Kangra earthquake. Similarly, we can argue that such gravity collapse can occur within or at the bottom of the hanging wall along the ramp structure present on the foot wall surface.…”

Section: Local Ramp Structures On the Underthrusting Indian Plate Betmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Signatures of the Existence of Frontal and Lateral Ramp Structures Near the Kishtwar Window of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya: Evidence From Microseismicity and Source Mechanisms

Paul

Powali

Sharma

et al. 2018

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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We study the Kashmir seismic gap using data from a network of local broadband stations spanning southeastern Kashmir Valley and Jammu. We detected and located several hundred earthquakes using continuous data recorded in our network. The earthquakes (ML 1.0–5.0) were relocated using probabilistic and relative location methods to obtain a subset of events with depth and spatial uncertainty ≤1.5 km. The earthquakes were found to cluster along two adjacent lines parallel to the strike of the Himalaya but at different depths. The SW cluster was found to be shallower (4–15 km) than the NE cluster (13–18 km). The events in the SW cluster shallowed toward NW from SE. We calculated the source mechanism of larger earthquakes (ML≥3.0) using global and local data sets. The source mechanism results show dominant thrust motion of the earthquakes in the NE cluster. Considering nodal planes dipping to the northeast as fault planes, we obtained the model of a steep frontal ramp close to the locked portion of the Main Himalayan Thrust. The model obtained for SW cluster of seismicity showed the presence of a lateral ramp dipping to the SE. Normal faulting was observed in the SW cluster. Our analysis shows two possible causes for the existence of these normal faults—the existing strike‐slip motion loading/unloading stresses on the lateral heterogeneities within the decollement or the transfer of potential energy by sediment yield of the river Chenab. The elevated flat situated northwest of the lateral ramp gives rise to very shallow microseismicity (4–7 km).

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Section: Local Ramp Structures On the Underthrusting Indian Plate Betmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Local Ramp Structures On the Underthrusting Indian Plate Betmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signatures of the Existence of Frontal and Lateral Ramp Structures Near the Kishtwar Window of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya: Evidence From Microseismicity and Source Mechanisms

Paul

Powali

Sharma

et al. 2018

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…Historical chronicles are now complemented by growing paleoseismic and geomorphic evidence of ancient earthquakes along the main active fault segments along strike the Himalayas (Nakata, 1989;Nakata et al, 1998;Upreti et al, 2000;Lavé et al, 2005;Mugnier et al, 2005;2011Kumar et al, 2006;Yule et al, 2007;Sapkota et al, 2013;Kumahara and Jayangondaperumal, 2013;Bollinger et al, 2014;Berthet et al, 2014;Murphy et al, 2014;Rajendran et al, 2015;Malik et al, 2015) (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Links With Paleoseismology and Morpho-tectonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slip deficit in central Nepal: omen for a repeat of the 1344 AD earthquake?

Bollinger

Tapponnier

Sapkota

et al. 2016

Earth Planets Space

104

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In 1255, 1344, and 1408 AD, then again in 1833, 1934, and 2015, large earthquakes, devastated Kathmandu. The 1255 and 1934 surface ruptures have been identified east of the city, along comparable segments of the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). Whether the other two pairs of events were similar is unclear. Taking into account charcoal's age inheritance, we revisit the timing of terrace offsets at key sites to compare them with the seismic record since 1200 AD. The location, extent, and moment of the 1833 and 2015 events imply that they released only a small part of the regional slip deficit on a deep thrust segment that stopped north of the Siwaliks. By contrast, the 1344 or 1408 AD earthquake may have ruptured the MFT up to the surface in central Nepal between Kathmandu and Pokhara, east of the surface trace of the great 1505 AD earthquake which affected western Nepal. If so, the whole megathrust system in Nepal broke in a sequence of earthquakes that lasted less than three centuries, with ruptures that propagated up to the surface from east to west. Today's situation in the Himalayan seismic sequence might be close to that of the fourteenth century.

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“…1a). Some of these earthquakes seem to have ruptured the upper brittle portion of the locked Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) (Sapkota et al 2013;Malik et al 2015Malik et al , 2016 and have produced surface ruptures along HFT. The location of rupture areas of these large earthquakes exhibits a Seismic Gap and one such example is between 1905 Kangra and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquakes which is termed Central Seismic Gap (Khattri 1987;Khattri and Tyagi 1983;Bilham et al 1998;Bilham and Wallace 2005;Gupta and Gahalaut 2014) (Fig.…”

Section: Seismicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decrease in the slip rates along the frontal Himalayan arc is attributed to the counter-clockwise rotation of the Indian plate with respect to the stable Eurasian plate (Bilham et al 2001). In addition, other probable reasons could be oblique convergence (Malik and Nakata 2003;Malik et al 2015;Kundu et al 2014). …”

Section: Seismicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Overestimation of the earthquake hazard along the Himalaya: constraints in bracketing of medieval earthquakes from paleoseismic studies

Arora

Malik

2017

Geosci. Lett.

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The Himalaya is one of the most seismically active regions of the world. (Mw 7.8) are the testimony to ongoing tectonic activity. In the last few decades, tremendous efforts have been made along the Himalayan arc to understand the patterns of earthquake occurrences, size, extent, and return periods. Some of the large magnitude earthquakes produced surface rupture, while some remained blind. Furthermore, due to the incompleteness of the earthquake catalogue, a very few events can be correlated with medieval earthquakes. Based on the existing paleoseismic data certainly, there exists a complexity to precisely determine the extent of surface rupture of these earthquakes and also for those events, which occurred during historic times. In this paper, we have compiled the paleo-seismological data and recalibrated the radiocarbon ages from the trenches excavated by previous workers along the entire Himalaya and compared earthquake scenario with the past. Our studies suggest that there were multiple earthquake events with overlapping surface ruptures in small patches with an average rupture length of ~300 km limiting Mw 7.8-8.0 for the Himalayan arc, rather than two or three giant earthquakes rupturing the whole front. It has been identified that the large magnitude Himalayan earthquakes, such as 1905 Kangra, 1934 Bihar-Nepal, and 1950 Assam, that have occurred within a time frame of 45 years. Now, if these events are dated, there is a high possibility that within the range of ±50 years, they may be considered as the remnant of one giant earthquake rupturing the entire Himalayan arc. Therefore, leading to an overestimation of seismic hazard scenario in Himalaya.

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Active Fault and Paleoseismic Studies in Kangra Valley: Evidence of Surface Rupture of a Great Himalayan 1905 Kangra Earthquake (M_w 7.8), Northwest Himalaya, India

Cited by 52 publications

References 39 publications

Signatures of the Existence of Frontal and Lateral Ramp Structures Near the Kishtwar Window of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya: Evidence From Microseismicity and Source Mechanisms

Signatures of the Existence of Frontal and Lateral Ramp Structures Near the Kishtwar Window of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya: Evidence From Microseismicity and Source Mechanisms

Slip deficit in central Nepal: omen for a repeat of the 1344 AD earthquake?

Overestimation of the earthquake hazard along the Himalaya: constraints in bracketing of medieval earthquakes from paleoseismic studies

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Active Fault and Paleoseismic Studies in Kangra Valley: Evidence of Surface Rupture of a Great Himalayan 1905 Kangra Earthquake (Mw 7.8), Northwest Himalaya, India

Cited by 52 publications

References 39 publications

Signatures of the Existence of Frontal and Lateral Ramp Structures Near the Kishtwar Window of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya: Evidence From Microseismicity and Source Mechanisms

Signatures of the Existence of Frontal and Lateral Ramp Structures Near the Kishtwar Window of the Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya: Evidence From Microseismicity and Source Mechanisms

Slip deficit in central Nepal: omen for a repeat of the 1344 AD earthquake?

Overestimation of the earthquake hazard along the Himalaya: constraints in bracketing of medieval earthquakes from paleoseismic studies

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Active Fault and Paleoseismic Studies in Kangra Valley: Evidence of Surface Rupture of a Great Himalayan 1905 Kangra Earthquake (M_w 7.8), Northwest Himalaya, India